Flack Mal, Morris Mary
School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia.
J Gambl Stud. 2016 Sep;32(3):923-33. doi: 10.1007/s10899-015-9581-7.
Previous research using the Gambling Outcome Expectancies Scale (GOES; Flack and Morris in J Gambl Stud, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s10899-014-9484-z ) revealed the instrument has excellent psychometric properties and differentially predicts gambling frequency and problem gambling scores. However, like the existing gambling motivation scales, the GOES psychometric properties and predictive utility have not been tested outside of cross sectional studies. The current study used a prospective survey design to redress this issue. Eight hundred and ninety-three participants, drawn from the general community, completed the second wave of the gambling survey. Temporal invariance testing revealed the GOES was reliable. Furthermore, the ability of the GOES to predict gambling behaviour using baseline and concurrent measures of gambling outcome expectancies was demonstrated. Specifically, consistent with the Wave 1 results, the gambling outcome expectancies that reflect diverse reasons for gambling (e.g., social, escape, and money) preferentially predicted gambling frequency whereas the narrower range of emotion focused reasons (e.g., excitement, escape, and ego enhancement) predicted gambling problems. Considered in light of the Wave 1 findings, these results underscore the need for gambling harm minimisation initiatives to take into account the emotion-oriented reasons for gambling.
以往使用赌博结果预期量表（GOES；弗莱克和莫里斯，《赌博研究杂志》，2015年。doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9484-z）的研究表明，该量表具有出色的心理测量特性，能够不同程度地预测赌博频率和问题赌博得分。然而，与现有的赌博动机量表一样，GOES的心理测量特性和预测效用尚未在横断面研究之外得到检验。本研究采用前瞻性调查设计来解决这一问题。从普通社区招募的893名参与者完成了赌博调查的第二轮。时间不变性测试表明GOES是可靠的。此外，还证明了GOES利用赌博结果预期的基线和同期测量来预测赌博行为的能力。具体而言，与第一轮结果一致，反映赌博多种原因（如社交、逃避和金钱）的赌博结果预期优先预测赌博频率，而范围较窄的以情绪为导向的原因（如兴奋、逃避和自我提升）则预测赌博问题。结合第一轮研究结果来看，这些结果强调了赌博危害最小化举措需要考虑以情绪为导向的赌博原因。
