Biocenter Oulu, Infotech Oulu, Developmental Biology Lab, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2015 Oct 20;3:65. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00065. eCollection 2015.
Cells secrete around 30-1000 nm membrane-enclosed vesicles, of which members of the subgroup between 30 and 100 nm are termed exosomes (EXs). EXs are released into the extracellular space and are widely present in body fluids and incorporated mRNA, miRNA, proteins, and signaling molecules. Increasing amounts of evidence suggest that EXs play an important role not only in cell-to-cell communication but also in various physiological and disease processes. EXs secreted by kidney cells control nephron function and are involved in kidney diseases and cancers. This makes them potential targets for diagnostic and therapeutic applications such as non-invasive biomarkers and cell-free vaccines and for use as drug delivery vehicles. This review provides an overview on the known roles of EXs in kidney development and diseases, including renal cancer. Additionally, it covers recent findings on their significance as diagnostic markers and on therapeutic applications to renal diseases and cancers. The intention is to promote an awareness of how many questions still remain open but are certainly worth investigating.
细胞分泌 30-1000nm 膜包裹的囊泡，其中 30-100nm 亚群的成员被称为外泌体（EXs）。EXs 被释放到细胞外空间，并广泛存在于体液中，包含 mRNA、miRNA、蛋白质和信号分子。越来越多的证据表明，EXs 不仅在细胞间通讯中发挥重要作用，而且在各种生理和疾病过程中也发挥重要作用。肾脏细胞分泌的 EXs 控制着肾单位的功能，并参与肾脏疾病和癌症。这使得它们成为诊断和治疗应用的潜在靶点，如非侵入性生物标志物和无细胞疫苗，并可作为药物递送载体。本文综述了已知的 EXs 在肾脏发育和疾病中的作用，包括肾细胞癌。此外，还介绍了它们作为诊断标志物的最新发现，以及在肾脏疾病和癌症治疗中的应用。本文的目的是促进人们认识到仍有许多悬而未决的问题，但这些问题肯定值得研究。
