Technical University of Warsaw, Dept. of Environment. Eng., ul. Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland.
Technical University of Warsaw, Dept. of Environment. Eng., ul. Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland.
J Environ Manage. 2016 Jan 15;166:605-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.010. Epub 2015 Nov 21.
Problems with lowering of water table are common all over the world. Intensive pumping of water from aquifers for consumption, irrigation, industrial or mining purposes often causes groundwater depletion and results in the formation of cone of depression. This can severely decrease water pressure, even over vast areas, and can create severe problems such as degradation of agriculture or natural environment sometimes depriving people and animals of water supply. In this paper, the authors present a method for determining the area of influence of a groundwater depression cone resulting from prolonged drainage, by means of satellite images in optical, near infrared and thermal infrared bands from TM sensor (Thematic Mapper) and ETM+ sensor (Enhanced Thematic Mapper +) placed on Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 satellites. The research area was Szczercowska Valley (Pol. Kotlina Szczercowska), Central Poland, located within a range of influence of a groundwater drainage system of the lignite coal mine in Belchatow. It is the biggest lignite coal mine in Poland and one of the largest in Europe exerting an enormous impact on the environment. The main method of satellite data analysis for determining soil moisture, was the so-called triangle method. This method, based on TVDI (Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index) was supported by additional spatial analysis including ordinary kriging used in order to combine fragmentary information obtained from areas covered by meadows. The results obtained are encouraging and confirm the usefulness of the triangle method not only for soil moisture determination but also for assessment of the temporal and spatial changes in the area influenced by the groundwater depression cone. The range of impact of the groundwater depression cone determined by means of above-described remote sensing analysis shows good agreement with that determined by ground measurements. The developed satellite method is much faster and cheaper than in-situ measurements, and allows for systematic monitoring of the vast area in the vicinity of Belchatow lignite mine. Besides, this method could be useful as a helper in in-situ measurement allowing a significant reduction of the number of in-situ measurements by performing them only within problematic areas. Hence, the triangle method can be used as an effective supplement to field measurements. Although the research area is located in Poland, in the vicinity of lignite mine, the method of observation of depression cones provided in this study is universal and effective, and therefore could also be useful to an international audience.
世界各地都普遍存在地下水位降低的问题。为了消费、灌溉、工业或采矿目的而从含水层中大量抽取地下水，常常会导致地下水枯竭，并形成降落漏斗。这会严重降低水压，甚至在广阔的地区都会造成严重的问题，例如农业或自然环境恶化，有时会使人和动物失去供水。本文提出了一种利用陆地卫星 5 号和 7 号上的 TM 传感器（专题制图仪）和 ETM+传感器（增强专题制图仪+）的光学、近红外和热红外波段的卫星图像，确定由于长期排水而形成的地下水位降落漏斗影响范围的方法。研究区域是波兰中部的什切青卡瓦山谷（波兰语：Kotlina Szczercowska），位于别尔恰托夫褐煤矿地下水排水系统影响范围内。该矿是波兰最大的褐煤矿，也是欧洲最大的褐煤矿之一，对环境产生了巨大的影响。用于确定土壤湿度的卫星数据分析的主要方法是所谓的三角形法。该方法基于 TVDI（温度植被干燥指数），并辅以包括普通克里金在内的其他空间分析，以组合从草地覆盖区域获得的零碎信息。所获得的结果令人鼓舞，证实了三角形法不仅可用于确定土壤湿度，而且可用于评估受地下水位降落漏斗影响的区域的时空变化。通过上述遥感分析确定的地下水位降落漏斗的影响范围与地面测量确定的影响范围吻合较好。与现场测量相比，开发的卫星方法更快、更便宜，并且可以对别尔恰托夫褐煤矿附近的广大地区进行系统监测。此外，该方法还可以作为现场测量的辅助手段，通过仅在存在问题的区域进行现场测量，可以大大减少现场测量的数量。因此，三角形法可以作为现场测量的有效补充。虽然研究区域位于波兰，靠近褐煤矿，但本文提供的降落漏斗观测方法是普遍有效的，因此对国际受众也可能有用。
