Marno Hanna, Davelaar Eddy J, Csibra Gergely
Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Nádor u. 9., Budapest 1051, Hungary; Language, Cognition and Development Lab, SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2016 Jan;163:88-96. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.11.005. Epub 2015 Nov 27.
In humans, a good proportion of knowledge, including knowledge about objects and object kinds, is acquired via social learning by direct communication from others. If communicative signals raise the expectation of social learning about objects, intrinsic (permanent) features that support object recognition are relevant to store into memory, while extrinsic (accidental) object properties can be ignored. We investigated this hypothesis by instructing participants to memorise shape-colour associations that constituted either an extrinsic object property (the colour of the box that contained the object, Experiment 1) or an intrinsic one (the colour of the object, Experiment 2). Compared to a non-communicative context, communicative presentation of the objects impaired participants' performance when they recalled extrinsic object properties, while their incidental memory of the intrinsic shape-colour associations was not affected. Communicative signals had no effect on performance when the task required the memorisation of intrinsic object properties. The negative effect of communicative reference on the memory of extrinsic properties was also confirmed in Experiment 3, where this property was object location. Such a memory bias suggests that referent objects in communication tend to be seen as representatives of their kind rather than as individuals.
在人类中，相当一部分知识，包括关于物体和物体种类的知识，是通过他人的直接交流进行社会学习而获得的。如果交流信号引发了对物体进行社会学习的期望，那么支持物体识别的内在（永久）特征就与存储到记忆中相关，而外在（偶然）的物体属性则可以忽略。我们通过指导参与者记忆形状 - 颜色关联来研究这一假设，这些关联构成了外在物体属性（包含物体的盒子的颜色，实验1）或内在物体属性（物体的颜色，实验2）。与非交流情境相比，当参与者回忆外在物体属性时，物体的交流呈现会损害他们的表现，而他们对内在形状 - 颜色关联的附带记忆则不受影响。当任务要求记忆内在物体属性时，交流信号对表现没有影响。交流指称对外在属性记忆的负面影响在实验3中也得到了证实，在该实验中，这种属性是物体的位置。这种记忆偏差表明，交流中的指称对象往往被视为其种类的代表而非个体。
