Ouyang Jing, Hu Jiayue, Chen Ji-Long
CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2016 Jan-Feb;7(1):129-43. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1321. Epub 2015 Dec 15.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are extensively expressed in mammalian cells and play a crucial role as RNA regulators in various cellular processes. Increasing data reveal that they function in innate antiviral immunity through complex mechanisms. Thousands of lncRNAs are regulated by RNA virus or DNA virus infection. The significant differential expression of lncRNAs is induced by virus or host antiviral signaling mediated by interferons (IFNs) and tumor necrosis factor-α. In turn, these lncRNAs modulate the host immune response including the pathogen recognition receptor (PRR)-related signaling, the translocation and activation of transcription factors, the production of IFNs and cytokines, the IFN-activated JAK-STAT signaling and the transcription of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Using gain- or loss-of-function analysis, the effect of lncRNAs on viral replication has been investigated to elucidate the essential role of lncRNA in the host-virus interaction. lncRNAs have shown specifically elevated or decreased levels in patients with viral diseases, suggesting the possibility of clinical application as biomarkers. Here we review the current advances of viral infection-associated host lncRNAs, their functional significance in different aspects of antiviral immune response, the specific mechanisms and unsolved issues. We also summarize the regulation of lncRNAs by viruses, PRR agonists and cytokines. In addition, virus-encoded lncRNAs and their functional involvement in host-virus interaction are addressed. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:129-143. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1321 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
长链非编码RNA（lncRNAs）在哺乳动物细胞中广泛表达，并作为RNA调节剂在各种细胞过程中发挥关键作用。越来越多的数据表明，它们通过复杂机制在先天抗病毒免疫中发挥作用。数以千计的lncRNAs受RNA病毒或DNA病毒感染调控。lncRNAs的显著差异表达由病毒或由干扰素（IFNs）和肿瘤坏死因子-α介导的宿主抗病毒信号诱导。反过来，这些lncRNAs调节宿主免疫反应，包括病原体识别受体（PRR）相关信号传导、转录因子的转运和激活、IFNs和细胞因子的产生、IFN激活的JAK-STAT信号传导以及抗病毒IFN刺激基因（ISGs）的转录。通过功能获得或功能缺失分析，研究了lncRNAs对病毒复制的影响，以阐明lncRNA在宿主-病毒相互作用中的重要作用。lncRNAs在病毒疾病患者中显示出特异性升高或降低的水平，提示其作为生物标志物临床应用的可能性。在此我们综述病毒感染相关宿主lncRNAs的当前进展、它们在抗病毒免疫反应不同方面的功能意义、具体机制和未解决的问题。我们还总结了病毒、PRR激动剂和细胞因子对lncRNAs的调控。此外，还讨论了病毒编码的lncRNAs及其在宿主-病毒相互作用中的功能参与。WIREs RNA 2016, 7:129 - 143。doi: 10.1002/wrna.1321 有关本文的更多资源，请访问WIREs网站。
