Lombardi Giovanni, Sanchis-Gomar Fabian, Perego Silvia, Sansoni Veronica, Banfi Giuseppe
Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy.
Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i + 12'), Madrid, Spain.
Endocrine. 2016 Nov;54(2):284-305. doi: 10.1007/s12020-015-0834-0. Epub 2015 Dec 30.
Physical inactivity has been recognized, by the World Health Organization as the fourth cause of death (5.5 % worldwide). On the contrary, physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved quality of life and decreased risk of several diseases (i.e., stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, obesity, malignancies). Bone turnover is profoundly affected from PA both directly (load degree is the key determinant for BMD) and indirectly through the activation of several endocrine axes. Several molecules, secreted by muscle (myokines) and adipose tissues (adipokines) in response to exercise, are involved in the fine regulation of bone metabolism in response to the energy availability. Furthermore, bone regulates energy metabolism by communicating its energetic needs thanks to osteocalcin which acts on pancreatic β-cells and adipocytes. The beneficial effects of exercise on bone metabolism depends on the intermittent exposure to myokines (i.e., irisin, IL-6, LIF, IGF-I) which, instead, act as inflammatory/pro-resorptive mediators when chronically elevated; on the other hand, the reduction in the circulating levels of adipokines (i.e., leptin, visfatin, adiponectin, resistin) sustains these effects as well as improves the whole-body metabolic status. The aim of this review is to highlight the newest findings about the exercise-dependent regulation of these molecules and their role in the fine regulation of bone metabolism.
缺乏身体活动已被世界卫生组织认定为第四大致死原因（全球占比5.5%）。相反，身体活动（PA）与生活质量改善以及多种疾病（如中风、高血压、心肌梗死、肥胖症、恶性肿瘤）风险降低相关。身体活动对骨转换有深远影响，既直接影响（负荷程度是骨密度的关键决定因素），也通过激活多个内分泌轴间接影响。肌肉（肌动蛋白）和脂肪组织（脂肪因子）在运动时分泌的多种分子参与了骨代谢对能量供应的精细调节。此外，骨骼通过骨钙素作用于胰腺β细胞和脂肪细胞来传达其能量需求，从而调节能量代谢。运动对骨代谢的有益作用取决于间歇性接触肌动蛋白（如鸢尾素、白细胞介素-6、白血病抑制因子、胰岛素样生长因子-I），而当这些物质长期升高时，反而会充当炎症/促吸收介质；另一方面，脂肪因子（如瘦素、内脂素、脂联素、抵抗素）循环水平的降低维持了这些作用，并改善了全身代谢状态。本综述的目的是强调关于这些分子的运动依赖性调节及其在骨代谢精细调节中的作用的最新发现。
