Kurzrock Razelle, Stewart David J
Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
Division of Medical Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Oncotarget. 2016 Jan 19;7(3):2155-8. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6787.
Genomics is a disruptive technology, having revealed that cancers are tremendously complex and differ from patient to patient. Therefore, conventional treatment approaches fit poorly with genomic reality. Furthermore, it is likely that this type of complexity will also be observed in other illnesses. Precision medicine has been posited as a way to better target disease-related aberrations, but developing drugs and tailoring therapy to each patient's complicated problem is a major challenge. One solution would be to match patients to existing compounds based on in silico modeling. However, optimization of complex therapy will eventually require designing compounds for patients using computer modeling and just-in-time production, perhaps achievable in the future by three-dimensional (3D) printing. Indeed, 3D printing is potentially transformative by virtue of its ability to rapidly generate almost limitless numbers of objects that previously required manufacturing facilities. Companies are already endeavoring to develop affordable 3D printers for home use. An attractive, but as yet scantily explored, application is to place chemical design and production under digital control. This could be accomplished by utilizing a 3D printer to initiate chemical reactions, and print the reagents and/or the final compounds directly. Of interest, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved a 3D printed drug-levetiracetam-indicated for seizures. Further, it is now increasingly clear that biologic materials-tissues, and eventually organs-can also be "printed." In the near future, it is plausible that high-throughput computing may be deployed to design customized drugs, which will reshape medicine.
基因组学是一项颠覆性技术，它揭示了癌症极其复杂且因人而异。因此，传统治疗方法与基因组实际情况不太契合。此外，这种复杂性很可能在其他疾病中也会出现。精准医学被认为是一种更好地针对疾病相关异常的方法，但开发药物并针对每个患者的复杂问题量身定制治疗方案是一项重大挑战。一种解决方案是基于计算机模拟将患者与现有化合物进行匹配。然而，复杂疗法的优化最终可能需要利用计算机模拟为患者设计化合物并进行即时生产，也许未来通过三维（3D）打印可以实现。事实上，3D打印具有潜在的变革性，因为它能够快速生成几乎无限数量的物体，而这些物体以前需要制造设施。企业已经在努力开发价格亲民的家用3D打印机。一个有吸引力但尚未充分探索的应用是将化学设计和生产置于数字控制之下。这可以通过利用3D打印机引发化学反应并直接打印试剂和/或最终化合物来实现。有趣的是，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）最近批准了一种3D打印药物——用于治疗癫痫的左乙拉西坦。此外，现在越来越清楚的是，生物材料——组织，最终还有器官——也可以被“打印”出来。在不久的将来，利用高通量计算设计定制药物是有可能的，这将重塑医学。
