McNamee M J
a College of Engineering, Swansea University , Swansea , UK.
Disabil Rehabil. 2017 Jan;39(2):201-209. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1095247. Epub 2016 Jan 8.
This paper explores the conceptual content of Paralympism. It exists by exploring the nascent normative framework that the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has begun to construct around its constituent sports. The IPC sets out four values: Courage, Determination, Inspiration and Equality.
Drawing on philosophical ethical methods it offers a critical evaluation of the four values that comprise the IPC position.
While courage is undoubtedly a moral virtue, there is more than one conception that might inform Paralympism with either/both active and passive content. It is argued that Determination is an instrumental character trait that is not necessarily ethically praiseworthy. While potentially inspiring, the efforts and abilities of Paralympic athletes need not depend on the reception of spectators whom they have no control over. Finally, being an important ethical idea, it is neither clear what kind of equality is aimed for nor how it would be operationalized within sports with respect to access to expensive technology that is often the precondition of Paralympic sporting success. It is concluded that the Paralympic movement has not yet invested sufficient intellectual effort to articulate its ethical basis, and while these four values may have something to do with Paralympism, they are insufficient to articulate the concept. Implications for Rehabilitation Athletes with disabilities are governed by a range of normative frameworks that affect their preparation for and participation in the Paralympic games and associated events. Medical models often espouse a conception of biostatistical normality that derogates persons with disabilities, yet in elite sports abnormalities in structure and function can be highly valued. There is a lack of clarity about the ethical goals for those assisting Paralympic athletes. Governing bodies in disability sports, such as the International Paralympic Committee need to more critically and coherently spell out their ethical vision for Paralympic sports, which should guide athletes and rehabilitation professionals to behave in ways that would command the general public's admiration. Paralympism, Paralympic values and disability sport: a conceptual and ethical critique.
本文探讨残奥精神的概念内涵。通过探究国际残奥委会（IPC）围绕其所属运动项目已开始构建的新兴规范框架来实现这一目的。国际残奥委会提出了四项价值观：勇气、决心、激励和平等。
运用哲学伦理方法，对构成国际残奥委会立场的四项价值观进行批判性评估。
虽然勇气无疑是一种道德美德，但有不止一种概念可能为残奥精神提供主动或/和被动的内容。有人认为，决心是一种工具性的性格特征，不一定在道德上值得赞扬。虽然残奥运动员的努力和能力可能具有潜在的激励作用，但并不一定依赖于他们无法控制的观众的接受程度。最后，平等作为一个重要的伦理理念，既不清楚所追求的是何种平等，也不清楚在体育领域中，就获得通常是残奥运动成功前提的昂贵技术而言，它将如何实施。得出的结论是，残奥运动尚未投入足够的智力努力来阐明其伦理基础，虽然这四项价值观可能与残奥精神有关，但不足以清晰表达这一概念。对康复的启示 残疾运动员受一系列规范框架的制约，这些框架影响他们为残奥会及相关赛事做准备和参与其中的情况。医学模式常常支持一种生物统计学常态的概念，这种概念贬低残疾人，但在精英体育中，结构和功能上的异常却可能受到高度重视。对于那些协助残奥运动员的人，其伦理目标尚不明确。残疾体育的管理机构，如国际残奥委会，需要更批判性和连贯地阐明其对残奥运动的伦理愿景，这应引导运动员和康复专业人员以能赢得公众赞赏的方式行事。残奥精神、残奥价值观与残疾体育：概念与伦理批判
