Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Sports Med. 2018 Sep;48(9):2011-2023. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0949-6.
Classification is a defining characteristic of para-sports whereby eligible athletes are allocated a sport class to compete against others with similar activity limitations. To account for the unique characteristics of each sport, para-sports should develop their own classification system using evidence that demonstrates the impact of impairment on performance in that sport. Although the move towards sport-specific classification has progressed in sports for athletes with physical and intellectual impairments, sports for athletes with vision impairment (VI) continue to use the same three classes irrespective of the sport, with classes delineated by legal definitions of low vision and blindness. The aim of this joint International Paralympic Committee/International Blind Sports Federation (IPC/IBSA) Position Stand is to provide guidance for how evidence-based sport-specific classification should be achieved in VI sports. It does so by outlining three conceptual research models (correlation, simulation, and component analysis) that can be used to establish both the minimum impairment required to compete plus the appropriate number of sport classes and their inclusion criteria. The present evaluation of vision relies on measures of visual acuity and field, but new criteria may require a sport-specific combination of additional measures of visual function (e.g. contrast, motion, and light sensitivity) to better account for the impact of VI on sport performance. Moreover, the test procedures used during athlete evaluation (e.g. whether to evaluate both eyes individually or together) should be chosen to better represent the habitual viewing situation experienced in that sport. The development of sport-specific criteria should enhance the legitimacy of competition and encourage increased grassroots participation in VI sports.
分类是残奥运动的一个重要特征，通过这种方式，符合条件的运动员会被分配到一个运动级别，与其他具有相似活动限制的运动员进行比赛。为了考虑到每个运动项目的独特特点，残奥运动应该使用能够证明损伤对该运动项目表现影响的证据，开发自己的分类系统。尽管在身体和智力残奥运动中，针对特定运动项目的分类已经取得了进展，但视力障碍残奥运动（VI）仍然使用相同的三个级别，而不论运动项目如何，这些级别是根据低视力和失明的法律定义来划分的。国际残奥委会/国际盲人运动联合会（IPC/IBSA）联合立场声明的目的是为 VI 运动中如何实现基于证据的特定运动项目分类提供指导。它通过概述三个概念性研究模型（相关性、模拟和组件分析）来实现这一目标，这些模型可用于确定参赛所需的最低损伤程度以及适当的运动级别数量及其纳入标准。目前对视力的评估依赖于视力和视野的测量，但新的标准可能需要特定于运动的额外视觉功能测量的组合（例如对比度、运动和光敏感度），以更好地说明 VI 对运动表现的影响。此外，在运动员评估期间使用的测试程序（例如，是否分别评估双眼或一起评估）应选择能够更好地代表该运动中惯常的观看情况。特定于运动的标准的制定将提高比赛的合法性，并鼓励更多的基层参与 VI 运动。
