Webster Joanne P, Gower Charlotte M, Knowles Sarah C L, Molyneux David H, Fenton Andy
Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED) Royal Veterinary College University of London Hertfordshire UK.
Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot Berkshire UK.
Evol Appl. 2016 Jan 8;9(2):313-33. doi: 10.1111/eva.12341. eCollection 2016 Feb.
Understanding the complex population biology and transmission ecology of multihost parasites has been declared as one of the major challenges of biomedical sciences for the 21st century and the Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZDs) are perhaps the most neglected of all the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Here we consider how multihost parasite transmission and evolutionary dynamics may affect the success of human and animal disease control programmes, particularly neglected diseases of the developing world. We review the different types of zoonotic interactions that occur, both ecological and evolutionary, their potential relevance for current human control activities, and make suggestions for the development of an empirical evidence base and theoretical framework to better understand and predict the outcome of such interactions. In particular, we consider whether preventive chemotherapy, the current mainstay of NTD control, can be successful without a One Health approach. Transmission within and between animal reservoirs and humans can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences, driving the evolution and establishment of drug resistance, as well as providing selective pressures for spill-over, host switching, hybridizations and introgressions between animal and human parasites. Our aim here is to highlight the importance of both elucidating disease ecology, including identifying key hosts and tailoring control effort accordingly, and understanding parasite evolution, such as precisely how infectious agents may respond and adapt to anthropogenic change. Both elements are essential if we are to alleviate disease risks from NZDs in humans, domestic animals and wildlife.
了解多宿主寄生虫复杂的种群生物学和传播生态学已被宣布为21世纪生物医学科学的主要挑战之一，而被忽视的人畜共患病（NZDs）可能是所有被忽视的热带病（NTDs）中最受忽视的。在这里，我们探讨多宿主寄生虫传播和进化动态如何影响人类和动物疾病控制计划的成效，特别是发展中世界的被忽视疾病。我们回顾了发生的不同类型的人畜共患相互作用，包括生态和进化方面的，它们与当前人类控制活动的潜在相关性，并就建立实证证据基础和理论框架以更好地理解和预测此类相互作用的结果提出建议。特别是，我们思考在没有“同一健康”方法的情况下，作为NTD控制当前主要手段的预防性化疗是否能够成功。动物宿主内部以及动物宿主与人类之间的传播可能产生重要的生态和进化后果，推动耐药性的进化和形成，同时为动物和人类寄生虫之间的溢出、宿主转换、杂交和基因渗入提供选择压力。我们在此的目的是强调阐明疾病生态学（包括识别关键宿主并据此调整控制措施）以及理解寄生虫进化（例如病原体如何精确响应和适应人为变化）的重要性。如果我们要减轻人类、家畜和野生动物感染NZDs的疾病风险，这两个要素都是必不可少的。
