Meyer Bjoern, Ly Hinh
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
J Virol. 2016 Mar 28;90(8):3810-3818. doi: 10.1128/JVI.03049-15. Print 2016 Apr.
Mammalian arenaviruses are zoonotic viruses that cause asymptomatic, persistent infections in their rodent hosts but can lead to severe and lethal hemorrhagic fever with bleeding and multiorgan failure in human patients. Lassa virus (LASV), for example, is endemic in several West African countries, where it is responsible for an estimated 500,000 infections and 5,000 deaths annually. There are currently no FDA-licensed therapeutics or vaccines available to combat arenavirus infection. A hallmark of arenavirus infection (e.g., LASV) is general immunosuppression that contributes to high viremia. Here, we discuss the early host immune responses to arenavirus infection and the recently discovered molecular mechanisms that enable pathogenic viruses to suppress host immune recognition and to contribute to the high degree of virulence. We also directly compare the innate immune evasion mechanisms between arenaviruses and other hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses, such as Ebola, Marburg, Dengue, and hantaviruses. A better understanding of the immunosuppression and immune evasion strategies of these deadly viruses may guide the development of novel preventative and therapeutic options.
哺乳动物沙粒病毒是一种人畜共患病毒，在其啮齿动物宿主中会引起无症状的持续性感染，但在人类患者中可导致严重且致命的出血热，并伴有出血和多器官功能衰竭。例如，拉沙病毒（LASV）在几个西非国家流行，据估计，该病毒在这些国家每年导致50万例感染和5000人死亡。目前尚无美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准的治疗药物或疫苗可用于对抗沙粒病毒感染。沙粒病毒感染（如LASV）的一个特征是全身性免疫抑制，这会导致高病毒血症。在此，我们讨论宿主对沙粒病毒感染的早期免疫反应，以及最近发现的使致病性病毒能够抑制宿主免疫识别并导致其高毒力的分子机制。我们还直接比较了沙粒病毒与其他引起出血热的病毒（如埃博拉病毒、马尔堡病毒、登革热病毒和汉坦病毒）之间的先天免疫逃逸机制。更好地了解这些致命病毒的免疫抑制和免疫逃逸策略可能会为新型预防和治疗方法的开发提供指导。
