Leary Mark R
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015 Dec;17(4):435-41. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.4/mleary.
A great deal of human emotion arises in response to real, anticipated, remembered, or imagined rejection by other people. Because acceptance by other people improved evolutionary fitness, human beings developed biopsychological mechanisms to apprise them of threats to acceptance and belonging, along with emotional systems to deal with threats to acceptance. This article examines seven emotions that often arise when people perceive that their relational value to other people is low or in potential jeopardy, including hurt feelings, jealousy, loneliness, shame, guilt, social anxiety, and embarrassment. Other emotions, such as sadness and anger, may occur during rejection episodes, but are reactions to features of the situation other than low relational value. The article discusses the evolutionary functions of rejection-related emotions, neuroscience evidence regarding the brain regions that mediate reactions to rejection, and behavioral research from social, developmental, and clinical psychology regarding psychological and behavioral concomitants of interpersonal rejection.
大量人类情感的产生是对他人真实的、预期的、记忆中的或想象中的拒绝的反应。由于被他人接受能提高进化适应性，人类发展出了生物心理机制来告知他们接受和归属感面临的威胁，以及应对接受威胁的情感系统。本文探讨了七种情感，这些情感常在人们认为自己对他人的关系价值较低或处于潜在危险中时出现，包括受伤的感觉、嫉妒、孤独、羞耻、内疚、社交焦虑和尴尬。其他情感，如悲伤和愤怒，可能在被拒绝的过程中出现，但它们是对情境中除关系价值低之外的其他特征的反应。本文讨论了与拒绝相关情感的进化功能、关于介导对拒绝反应的脑区的神经科学证据，以及来自社会、发展和临床心理学的关于人际拒绝的心理和行为伴随现象的行为研究。
