Medin D L
Am Psychol. 1989 Dec;44(12):1469-81. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.44.12.1469.
Research and theory on categorization and conceptual structure have recently undergone two major shifts. The first shift is from the assumption that concepts have defining properties (the classical view) to the idea that concept representations may be based on properties that are only characteristic or typical of category examples (the probabilistic view). Both the probabilistic view and the classical view assume that categorization is driven by similarity relations. A major problem with describing category structure in terms of similarity is that the notion of similarity is too unconstrained to give an account of conceptual coherence. The second major shift is from the idea that concepts are organized by similarity to the idea that concepts are organized around theories. In this article, the evidence and rationale associated with these shifts are described, and one means of integrating similarity-based and theory-driven categorization is outlined.
分类和概念结构的研究与理论最近经历了两大转变。第一个转变是从概念具有定义性属性的假设（经典观点）转向概念表征可能基于仅为类别示例所特有的或典型的属性的观点（概率观点）。概率观点和经典观点都假定分类是由相似关系驱动的。用相似性来描述类别结构的一个主要问题是，相似性的概念过于缺乏约束，无法解释概念的连贯性。第二个主要转变是从概念由相似性组织的观点转向概念围绕理论组织的观点。在本文中，将描述与这些转变相关的证据和基本原理，并概述一种整合基于相似性和理论驱动的分类的方法。
