Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, Pin 305817, India.
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, CP66451, Mexico.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 May;23(10):9480-91. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6294-0. Epub 2016 Feb 26.
The present study on organophosphate deals with the reports on pollution and toxicity cases throughout India. The use of pesticides was introduced in India during the 1960s which are now being used on a large scale and represents the common feature of Indian agriculture. Use of organophosphates as a pesticide came as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons due to their easy degradability. Although these xenobiotics degrade under natural condition, their residues have been detected in soil, sediments, and water due to their non-regulated usage practice. The over-reliance on pesticides has not only threatened our environment but contaminations of organophosphate residues have been also detected in certain agricultural products like tea, sugars, vegetables, and fruits throughout India. This paper highlights many of the cases where different organophosphates have been detected exceeding their respective MRL values. Some organophosphates detected are so hazardous that even WHO has listed them in class 1a and class 1b hazardous group. Presence of their residues in blood, milk, honey, and tissues of human and animals revealed their excessive use and bioaccumulating capabilities. Their intentional or unintentional uptake is causing thousands of deaths and severity each year. Most of the toxicity cases presented here are due to their uptake during a suicidal attempt. This shows how easily these harmful substances are available in the market.
本研究针对的是印度各地有关有机磷农药污染和毒性的报告。印度在 20 世纪 60 年代开始使用农药，现在已经大规模使用，这是印度农业的共同特点。由于有机磷化合物易于降解，因此它们作为农药的使用成为了氯化碳氢化合物的替代品。尽管这些外来化合物在自然条件下会降解，但由于其不受管制的使用实践，它们的残留物已在土壤、沉积物和水中被检测到。过度依赖农药不仅威胁到我们的环境，而且在全印度的某些农产品如茶叶、糖、蔬菜和水果中也检测到有机磷农药残留的污染。本文重点介绍了许多案例，其中不同的有机磷化合物的残留量超过了各自的最大残留限量值。一些被检测到的有机磷化合物非常危险，甚至世界卫生组织也将它们列为 1a 类和 1b 类危险组。它们在血液、牛奶、蜂蜜和人类和动物组织中的残留物表明了它们的过度使用和生物积累能力。每年都有成千上万的人因摄入这些有害物质而死亡或病情严重。这里提出的大多数毒性案例都是由于在自杀企图中摄入这些有害物质引起的。这表明这些有害物质在市场上是多么容易获得。
