Jungmann-Smith J H, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Huthwelker T, Maliakal D, Mayilyan D, Medjoubi K, Mezza D, Mozzanica A, Ramilli M, Ruder Ch, Schädler L, Schmitt B, Shi X, Tinti G
Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint-Aubin, 91192 GIF-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
J Synchrotron Radiat. 2016 Mar;23(2):385-94. doi: 10.1107/S1600577515023541. Epub 2016 Feb 10.
JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station) is a two-dimensional hybrid pixel detector for photon science applications at free-electron lasers and synchrotron light sources. The JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype presented here is specifically geared towards low-noise performance and hence soft X-ray detection. The design, geometry and readout architecture of JUNGFRAU 0.4 correspond to those of other JUNGFRAU pixel detectors, which are charge-integrating detectors with 75 µm × 75 µm pixels. Main characteristics of JUNGFRAU 0.4 are its fixed gain and r.m.s. noise of as low as 27 e(-) electronic noise charge (<100 eV) with no active cooling. The 48 × 48 pixels JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype can be combined with a charge-sharing suppression mask directly placed on the sensor, which keeps photons from hitting the charge-sharing regions of the pixels. The mask consists of a 150 µm tungsten sheet, in which 28 µm-diameter holes are laser-drilled. The mask is aligned with the pixels. The noise and gain characterization, and single-photon detection as low as 1.2 keV are shown. The performance of JUNGFRAU 0.4 without the mask and also in the charge-sharing suppression configuration (with the mask, with a software mask' or a cluster finding' algorithm) is tested, compared and evaluated, in particular with respect to the removal of the charge-sharing contribution in the spectra, the detection efficiency and the photon rate capability. Energy-dispersive and imaging experiments with fluorescence X-ray irradiation from an X-ray tube and a synchrotron light source are successfully demonstrated with an r.m.s. energy resolution of 20% (no mask) and 14% (with the mask) at 1.2 keV and of 5% at 13.3 keV. The performance evaluation of the JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype suggests that this detection system could be the starting point for a future detector development effort for either applications in the soft X-ray energy regime or for an energy-dispersive detection system.
JUNGFRAU（阿瑞米斯用户站增益调整探测器）是一种二维混合像素探测器，用于自由电子激光和同步辐射光源的光子科学应用。这里展示的JUNGFRAU 0.4原型特别注重低噪声性能，因此适用于软X射线探测。JUNGFRAU 0.4的设计、几何结构和读出架构与其他JUNGFRAU像素探测器相同，这些探测器是具有75 µm×75 µm像素的电荷积分探测器。JUNGFRAU 0.4的主要特点是其固定增益和均方根噪声低至27 e⁻（电子噪声电荷，<100 eV），无需主动冷却。48×48像素的JUNGFRAU 0.4原型可以与直接放置在传感器上的电荷共享抑制掩膜相结合，该掩膜可防止光子击中像素的电荷共享区域。该掩膜由一块150 µm厚的钨板组成，其中直径28 µm的孔是通过激光钻孔制成的。掩膜与像素对齐。展示了噪声和增益特性以及低至1.2 keV的单光子探测。测试、比较和评估了JUNGFRAU 0.4在无掩膜情况下以及电荷共享抑制配置（有掩膜、“软件掩膜”或“聚类查找”算法）下的性能，特别是在去除光谱中电荷共享贡献、探测效率和光子率能力方面。利用X射线管和同步辐射光源进行的荧光X射线照射的能量色散和成像实验成功得到证明，在1.2 keV时均方根能量分辨率为20%（无掩膜）和14%（有掩膜），在13.3 keV时为5%。JUNGFRAU 0.4原型的性能评估表明，该探测系统可能成为未来软X射线能量区域应用或能量色散探测系统探测器开发工作的起点。
