Skarstein Siv, Lagerløv Per, Kvarme Lisbeth Gravdal, Helseth Sølvi
Department of Nursing, Oslo, and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, 4, St. Olavsplass, Oslo, NO-0130 Norway.
Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, The Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
BMC Nurs. 2016 Mar 3;15:16. doi: 10.1186/s12912-016-0135-9. eCollection 2016.
Use of over-the-counter analgesics among adolescents has increased markedly. High consumption of over-the-counter analgesics among adolescents is associated with frequent pain, lower self-esteem, reduced sleep, lower educational ambition, binge drinking, higher caffeine consumption, and part-time employment. Knowledge about life experiences of adolescents who frequently use over-the-counter analgesics may be useful to prevent health problems. The purpose of the study was to increase knowledge about adolescents who suffer from frequent pain and have a high consumption of over-the-counter analgesics.
A qualitative study, employing one-on-one, in-depth interviews using a thematic interview guide. Data were collected in Norway in 2013-2014. Three boys and sixteen girls; aged 14-16 years, who continuously consumed over-the-counter analgesics were recruited from ten high schools in urban and suburban districts. Candidate participants were excluded if they were medically diagnosed with an acute or chronic illness, requiring extended use of over-the-counter analgesics within the last year. The interviews were taped, transcribed and analysed as text according to Kvale's three contexts of interpretation: self-understanding, common sense and theory.
All participants disclosed unresolved physical and psychosocial distress characterized as pain. Frequent pain from various body parts made everyday life challenging. Methods of pain self-appraisal and over-the-counter analgesics use often mimicked maternal patterns. Participants reported being raised under unpredictable circumstances that contributed to long lasting family conflicts and peer-group problems. Participants wanted to feel appreciated and to be socially and academically successful. However, pain reduced their ability to manage everyday life, hampered experienced possibilities for success, and made social settings difficult.
Childhood experiences influence how adolescents experience pain and use over-the-counter analgesics. Coping with difficult situations or attempting to mask symptoms with over-the-counter analgesics can perpetuate and amplify underlying problems. High consumption of over-the-counter analgesics and frequent pain may be warning signs of adolescents with possible health threatening conditions and reduced quality of life. These adolescent might be in need of support from school nurses and General Practitioners. This study identifies new perspectives that may lead to novel approaches to identify, guide, and support adolescents with frequent pain and high consumption of over-the-counter analgesics.
青少年非处方镇痛药的使用显著增加。青少年高剂量使用非处方镇痛药与频繁疼痛、较低的自尊、睡眠减少、教育抱负降低、酗酒、较高的咖啡因摄入量以及兼职工作有关。了解频繁使用非处方镇痛药的青少年的生活经历可能有助于预防健康问题。本研究的目的是增加对频繁疼痛且大量使用非处方镇痛药的青少年的了解。
一项定性研究，采用一对一深入访谈，并使用主题访谈指南。2013 - 2014年在挪威收集数据。从城市和郊区的十所高中招募了三名男孩和十六名女孩，年龄在14 - 16岁，他们持续使用非处方镇痛药。如果候选参与者在医学上被诊断患有急性或慢性疾病，且在过去一年需要长期使用非处方镇痛药，则将其排除。访谈进行录音、转录，并根据克瓦尔的三种解释背景（自我理解、常识和理论）作为文本进行分析。
所有参与者都透露了未解决的身体和心理社会困扰，表现为疼痛。身体各部位频繁的疼痛使日常生活充满挑战。疼痛自我评估和非处方镇痛药使用方法通常模仿母亲的模式。参与者报告说他们在不可预测的环境中长大，这导致了长期的家庭冲突和同龄人问题。参与者希望得到赞赏，并在社交和学业上取得成功。然而，疼痛降低了他们处理日常生活的能力，阻碍了他们体验成功的可能性，并使社交场合变得困难。
童年经历会影响青少年对疼痛的体验以及非处方镇痛药的使用。应对困难情况或试图用非处方镇痛药掩盖症状可能会使潜在问题持续存在并加剧。高剂量使用非处方镇痛药和频繁疼痛可能是青少年存在潜在健康威胁状况和生活质量下降的警示信号。这些青少年可能需要学校护士和全科医生的支持。本研究确定了新的视角，可能会带来新的方法来识别、指导和支持频繁疼痛且高剂量使用非处方镇痛药的青少年。
