Tricker A R, Spiegelhalder B, Preussmann R
German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Toxicology and Chemotherapy, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
Cancer Surv. 1989;8(2):251-72.
In the human environment, nitrosatable amine precursors to N-nitroso compounds and nitrosating species such as nitrite and oxides of nitrogen are abundant. As a result, the formation of N-nitroso compounds and human exposure to these compounds show a rather complex pattern. The largest known human exposures to exogenous N-nitrosamines occur in the work place. This is particularly evident in the rubber and tyre manufacturing industry and in metal cutting and grinding shops. Nearly all industries which are concerned with the production and/or use of amines have a related nitrosamine problem. Outside the industrial environment, commodities such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber and household products, which are either prepared from amines or contain high concentrations of amino compounds, may be subject to contamination by low concentrations of N-nitroso compounds. This contamination may result from the use of contaminated starting materials, in particular amines, or from the formation of N-nitroso compounds during manufacturing processes. A similar problem exists with agricultural chemicals. As our knowledge of the occurrence and formation of N-nitroso compounds in the environment increases, preventive measures can be introduced, particularly in manufacturing industries, to reduce the levels of human exposure to nitrosamines in the work place and to protect the consumer from nitrosamine exposure from household commodities.
在人类环境中，N-亚硝基化合物的亚硝化胺前体以及亚硝化物质（如亚硝酸盐和氮氧化物）大量存在。因此，N-亚硝基化合物的形成以及人类对这些化合物的接触呈现出相当复杂的模式。已知人类对外源性N-亚硝胺的最大接触发生在工作场所。这在橡胶和轮胎制造业以及金属切割和研磨车间尤为明显。几乎所有涉及胺类生产和/或使用的行业都存在相关的亚硝胺问题。在工业环境之外，由胺类制备或含有高浓度氨基化合物的商品，如化妆品、药品、橡胶和家用产品，可能会受到低浓度N-亚硝基化合物的污染。这种污染可能源于使用受污染的原材料，特别是胺类，或者源于制造过程中N-亚硝基化合物的形成。农用化学品也存在类似问题。随着我们对环境中N-亚硝基化合物的存在和形成的了解不断增加，可以采取预防措施，特别是在制造业中，以降低工作场所人类接触亚硝胺的水平，并保护消费者免受家用商品中亚硝胺的接触。
