Fakunle D O, Milam A J, Furr-Holden C D, Butler J, Thorpe R J, LaVeist T A
Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
Public Health. 2016 Jul;136:35-40. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.02.032. Epub 2016 Apr 10.
Studies have shown that communities with higher concentrations of low-income racial and ethnic minorities correlate with a greater presence of tobacco outlets. Community-level income has consistently been among the strongest predictors of tobacco outlet density. This study analyzes two Maryland geopolitical areas with similar racial concentrations yet differing income levels in an attempt to disentangle the race-income relationship with tobacco outlet density.
In this cross-sectional examination of tobacco outlet and census tract-level sociodemographic data, Baltimore City, Maryland, and Prince George's County, Maryland, were geocoded to determine tobacco outlet density.
Tobacco outlet density was defined as the mean number of tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per census tract. Comparisons of tobacco outlet density and sociodemographic variables were analysed via two-sample t-tests, and the direct effect of sociodemographic variables on tobacco outlet density for each area was analysed via spatial lag regressions.
Prince George's County, the area with the higher income level ($77,190 vs $43,571), has a significantly lower tobacco outlet density than Baltimore City (P < 0.001). Prince George's County has a 67.5% Black population and an average of 3.94 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. By contrast, Baltimore City has a 65.3% Black population and an average of 7.95 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. Spatial lag regression model results indicate an inverse relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City and Prince George's County (β = -0.03, P < 0.01 &β = -0.01, P = 0.02, respectively), and a significant interaction term indicating a greater magnitude in the relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City (β = -0.05, P < 0.01).
Results suggest that higher socio-economic status, even in primarily underrepresented racial and ethnic geopolitical areas, is linked to lower tobacco outlet density.
研究表明，低收入种族和少数民族聚居程度较高的社区，烟草销售点的数量也更多。社区层面的收入一直是烟草销售点密度最强的预测因素之一。本研究分析了马里兰州两个种族集中度相似但收入水平不同的地缘政治区域，试图厘清种族与收入和烟草销售点密度之间的关系。
在本次对烟草销售点和人口普查区层面社会人口数据的横断面调查中，对马里兰州巴尔的摩市和乔治王子县进行地理编码，以确定烟草销售点密度。
烟草销售点密度定义为每1000人在每个普查区的烟草销售点平均数。通过双样本t检验分析烟草销售点密度与社会人口变量的比较，并通过空间滞后回归分析每个区域社会人口变量对烟草销售点密度的直接影响。
收入水平较高的乔治王子县（77,190美元对43,571美元），其烟草销售点密度明显低于巴尔的摩市（P < 0.001）。乔治王子县黑人人口占67.5%，每1000人每区平均有3.94个烟草销售点。相比之下，巴尔的摩市黑人人口占65.3%，每1000人每区平均有7.95个烟草销售点。空间滞后回归模型结果表明，巴尔的摩市和乔治王子县的收入与烟草销售点密度之间存在负相关关系（β = -0.03，P < 0.01和β = -0.01，P = 0.02），且存在显著的交互项，表明巴尔的摩市收入与烟草销售点密度之间的关系更为显著（β = -0.05，P < 0.01）。
结果表明，即使在主要代表性不足的种族和民族地缘政治区域，较高的社会经济地位也与较低的烟草销售点密度相关。
