Lamb R J, Maguire David R, Ginsburg Brett C, Pinkston Jonathan W, France Charles P
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Psychiatry, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Departments of Pharmacology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States.
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Departments of Pharmacology, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States.
Behav Processes. 2016 Jun;127:35-42. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.04.001. Epub 2016 Apr 12.
Addiction may be viewed as choice governed by competing contingencies. One factor impacting choice, particularly as it relates to addiction, is sensitivity to delayed rewards. Discounting of delayed rewards influences addiction vulnerability because of competition between relatively immediate gains of drug use, e.g. intoxication, versus relatively remote gains of abstinence, e.g. family stability. Factors modifying delay sensitivity can be modeled in the laboratory. For instance, increased delay sensitivity can be similarly observed in adolescent humans and non-human animals. Similarly, genetic factors influence delay sensitivity in humans and animals. Recovery from addiction may also be viewed as choice behavior. Thus, reinforcing alternative behavior facilitates recovery because reinforcing alternative behavior decreases the frequency of using drugs. How reinforcing alternative behavior influences recovery can also be modeled in the laboratory. For instance, relapse risk decreases as abstinence duration increases, and this decreasing risk can be modeled in animals using choice procedures. In summary, addiction in many respects can be conceptualized as a problem of choice. Animal models of choice disorders stand to increase our understanding of the core processes that establish and maintain addiction and serve as a proving ground for development of novel treatments.
成瘾可被视为由相互竞争的意外情况所支配的选择。影响选择的一个因素，尤其是与成瘾相关的因素，是对延迟奖励的敏感度。延迟奖励的折扣会影响成瘾易感性，这是因为药物使用的相对即时收益（例如陶醉感）与禁欲的相对远期收益（例如家庭稳定）之间存在竞争。改变延迟敏感度的因素可以在实验室中进行模拟。例如，在青少年人类和非人类动物中也能类似地观察到延迟敏感度的增加。同样，遗传因素会影响人类和动物的延迟敏感度。成瘾恢复也可被视为选择行为。因此，强化替代行为有助于恢复，因为强化替代行为会降低使用药物的频率。强化替代行为如何影响恢复也可以在实验室中进行模拟。例如，随着禁欲时间的增加，复发风险会降低，并且这种降低的风险可以在动物身上使用选择程序进行模拟。总之，成瘾在许多方面都可以被概念化为一个选择问题。选择障碍的动物模型有助于增进我们对建立和维持成瘾的核心过程的理解，并为新治疗方法的开发提供试验场。
