Eisenberg N, Miller P A, Schaller M, Fabes R A, Fultz J, Shell R, Shea C L
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287.
J Pers. 1989 Mar;57(1):41-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00760.x.
The purposes of this study were (a) to examine the role of social evaluative concerns in the self-report of sympathy and in the relation of sympathy to helping; and (b) to determine the role of "altruistic personality" traits and situationally induced vicarious emotional responses in the intention to help. Dispositional and situational self-reports of sympathy and other vicarious emotional reactions were obtained for persons who also were given the opportunity to assist a needy other. Moreover, dispositional measures of concern with social evaluation and an altruistic orientation were obtained, and a bogus pipeline manipulation was instituted for half the study participants. Both dispositional and situational self-reported sympathy were positively related to helping, as were other personality indices viewed as reflecting altruistic characteristics. The relations for the dispositional indices of sympathy were not due solely to social evaluative concerns or to other egoistic concerns. The effects on intended helping of dispositional sympathy, perspective taking, and the tendency to ascribe responsibility for others to the self appeared to be both direct and mediated by situational sympathetic responding. Finally, situational sadness did not mediate the effects of sympathetic responsiveness.
（a）考察社会评价关注在同情的自我报告以及同情与帮助行为的关系中所起的作用；（b）确定“利他人格”特质和情境诱发的替代性情绪反应在帮助意愿中所起的作用。我们获取了研究对象关于同情及其他替代性情绪反应的倾向性和情境性自我报告，这些研究对象也有机会去帮助一位有需要的他人。此外，我们还获取了他们对社会评价的关注程度以及利他倾向的倾向性测量数据，并对一半的研究参与者采用了虚拟管道操纵法。倾向性和情境性自我报告的同情都与帮助行为呈正相关，其他被视为反映利他特征的人格指标也是如此。同情的倾向性指标之间的关系并非仅仅归因于社会评价关注或其他利己主义关注。倾向性同情、观点采择以及将他人责任归咎于自身的倾向对帮助意愿的影响似乎既是直接的，也是通过情境性同情反应来介导的。最后，情境性悲伤并没有介导同情反应的影响。
