Subtelny J, Li W, Whitehead R, Subtelny J D
National Technical Institute for the Deaf, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY.
J Speech Hear Disord. 1989 May;54(2):249-63. doi: 10.1044/jshd.5402.249.
To study physiological basis for deviant resonance in hearing-impaired speakers, cephalometric roentgenography and cineradiography were applied to analyze oral/pharyngeal relationships during vowels produced in isolation and within a sentence context. The films, synchronized with sound recording, were traced and measured for 10 normal hearing and 4 hearing-impaired women with deviant resonance. Vocal tract conformations and dimensions were defined by measures of the lips, tongue, mandible, velum, hyoid bone, epiglottis, and laryngeal sinus. Means, standard deviations, and analyses of variance were applied to facilitate descriptions and comparisons between the groups. The hearing-impaired speakers had near normal lip openings for /i/ and /u/ but more open positions for /a/. The tongue tended to retract for the front vowel and front for the back vowel /u/. For high vowels, most of the hearing-impaired speakers had an elevated hyoid, an unusually large vertical dimension between hyoid and laryngeal sinus, and a retracted tongue root, which was associated with a marked retraction or deflection of the epiglottis toward the pharyngeal wall. The cine analysis of the normal hearing speakers showed rather well defined and consistent shifts in tongue position for the front vowels produced in the sentence context. The hearing-impaired speakers with deviant resonance showed greater variation among speakers in tongue body position and a significant retrusion of the dorsum of the tongue at a site significantly lower than observed in hearing speakers. The consistent tongue root retraction during static as well as dynamic speech production is interpreted as support for Boone's hypothesized cause of pharyngeal resonance in speech of the hearing impaired.
为研究听力受损者语音共振异常的生理基础，应用头颅X线摄影术和动态X线摄影术分析在单独发元音以及在句子语境中发元音时口腔/咽部的关系。将与录音同步的影片进行描记并测量，对象为10名听力正常女性和4名有共振异常的听力受损女性。通过测量嘴唇、舌头、下颌骨、软腭、舌骨、会厌和喉窦来确定声道的形态和尺寸。应用均值、标准差和方差分析来辅助描述和比较两组之间的情况。听力受损者发/i/和/u/时嘴唇开口接近正常，但发/a/时开口更大。发前元音时舌头倾向于后缩，发后元音/u/时舌头则靠前。对于高元音，大多数听力受损者舌骨抬高，舌骨与喉窦之间的垂直尺寸异常大，舌根后缩，这与会厌明显向后缩或偏向咽壁有关。对听力正常者的动态X线分析显示，在句子语境中发前元音时舌头位置有相当明确且一致的移动。有共振异常的听力受损者在舌体位置上个体间差异更大，且舌背在显著低于听力正常者所观察到的位置处明显后缩。在静态和动态言语产生过程中舌根持续后缩被解释为支持布恩关于听力受损者言语中咽共振原因的假设。
