Dietsch Alia M, Teel Tara L, Manfredo Michael J
School of Environment and Natural Resources, 2021 Coffey Road, 210 Kottman Hall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, U.S.A..
Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1480, U.S.A.
Conserv Biol. 2016 Dec;30(6):1212-1221. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12742. Epub 2016 Aug 19.
Understanding what shape values (which ultimately shape human behavior) will help improve the effectiveness of conservation solutions that depend on public support. To contribute to this understanding, we investigated the influence of societal-level changes, such as modernization, on values in a multilevel framework. We collected survey responses (n = 4183) to questionnaires mailed to a random selection of households within each county in Washington (U.S.A.) (response rate 32%). We used multilevel modeling to determine the relationship between modernization (e.g., county-level urbanization, wealth, and education) and wildlife value orientations (values that shape thought about wildlife) while controlling for individual-level sociodemographics. We then explored how values influence conservation support at different levels (e.g., individual and county) and how values explain conservation support in a case study of public responses to wolf (Canis lupis) recovery. We found positive associations between county-level examples of modernization and mutualism (a wildlife value orientation that prioritizes the perceived needs of wildlife) independent of a respondent's sociodemographics, and negative associations between modernization and domination (a wildlife value orientation that prioritizes human needs). Our results suggest that context has an additive impact on one's values; certain locations exhibited domination values, whereas others exhibited a mix of value types. This finding is important because actions that restrict human interests to promote biodiversity were negatively associated with domination and positively associated with mutualism. In the wolf case study, mutualism was strongly correlated with less social conflict over wolf recovery in many, but not all, counties (e.g., Pearson's r correlation = 0.59 in one county and a nonsignificant correlation in another). Our findings suggest that modernization operates on values within a state with implications for biodiversity, but other factors in addition to values must be investigated to fully understand what leads to proconservation behavior.
了解哪些价值观（这些价值观最终塑造了人类行为）将有助于提高依赖公众支持的保护措施的有效性。为了促进这一理解，我们在一个多层次框架中研究了社会层面的变化，如现代化，对价值观的影响。我们收集了对邮寄给美国华盛顿州每个县内随机选择的家庭的问卷的调查回复（n = 4183）（回复率32%）。我们使用多层次模型来确定现代化（如县级城市化、财富和教育）与野生动物价值取向（塑造对野生动物看法的价值观）之间的关系，同时控制个体层面的社会人口统计学因素。然后，我们在公众对狼（犬属）恢复的反应的案例研究中，探讨了价值观如何在不同层面（如个体和县级）影响保护支持，以及价值观如何解释保护支持。我们发现，县级现代化示例与互利共生（一种优先考虑野生动物感知需求的野生动物价值取向）之间存在正相关，且与受访者的社会人口统计学因素无关，而现代化与支配（一种优先考虑人类需求的野生动物价值取向）之间存在负相关。我们的结果表明，环境对一个人的价值观有累加影响；某些地区表现出支配价值观，而其他地区则表现出多种价值类型的混合。这一发现很重要，因为限制人类利益以促进生物多样性的行动与支配呈负相关，与互利共生呈正相关。在狼的案例研究中，互利共生在许多但并非所有县与狼恢复方面的社会冲突较少密切相关（例如，一个县的皮尔逊r相关系数 = 0.59，而在另一个县则无显著相关性）。我们的研究结果表明，现代化在一个州内对价值观产生影响，这对生物多样性具有重要意义，但除了价值观之外，还必须研究其他因素，以充分理解导致支持保护行为的原因。
