危地马拉无烟法律实施5年后的遵守情况。
Compliance to the smoke-free law in Guatemala 5-years after implementation.
作者信息
Barnoya Joaquín, Monzon Jose C, Briz Paulina, Navas-Acien Ana
机构信息
Research Department, Cardiovascular Surgery Unit of Guatemala, 9th Avenue, 8-00, Zone 11, 01011, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
出版信息
BMC Public Health. 2016 Apr 12;16:318. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2960-x.
BACKGROUND
Smoke-free environments decrease smoking prevalence and consequently the incidence of heart disease and lung cancer. Due to issues related to poor enforcement, scant data is currently available from low/middle income countries on the long-term compliance to smoke-free laws. In 2006, high levels of secondhand smoke (SHS) were found in bars and restaurants in Guatemala City. Six months after a smoking ban was implemented in 2009, levels significantly decreased. However, in 2010, poor law compliance was observed. Therefore, we sought to assess long-term compliance to the ban using SHS measurements.
METHODS
In 2014 we assessed SHS exposure using airborne nicotine monitors in bars (n = 9) and restaurants (n = 12) for 7 days using the same protocol as in 2006 and in 2009. Nicotine was measured using gas-chromatography (μg/m(3)) and compared to levels pre- (2006) and post-ban (2009). Employees responded to a survey about SHS exposure, perceived economic impact of the ban and customers' electronic cigarette use. In addition, we estimated the fines that could have been collected for each law infringement.
RESULTS
Most (71 %) venues still have a smoking section, violating the law. The percentage of samples with detectable nicotine concentrations was 100, 85 and 43 % in 2006, 2009 and 2014, respectively. In bars, median (25(th) and 75(th) percentiles) nicotine concentrations were 4.58 μg/m(3) (1.71, 6.45) in 2006, 0.28 (0.17, 0.66) in 2009, and 0.59 (0.01, 1.45) in 2014. In restaurants, the corresponding medians were 0.58 μg/m(3) (0.44, 0.71), 0.04 (0.01, 0.11), and 0.01 (0.01, 0.09). Support for the law continues to be high (88 %) among bar and restaurant employees. Most employees report no economic impact of the law and that a high proportion of customers (78 %) use e-cigarettes. A total of US$50,012 could have been collected in fines.
CONCLUSIONS
Long-term compliance to the smoking ban in Guatemala is decreasing. Additional research that evaluates the determinants of non-compliance is needed and could also contribute to improve enforcement and implementation of the smoke-free law in Guatemala.
背景
无烟环境可降低吸烟率，进而降低心脏病和肺癌的发病率。由于执法不力等问题，目前低收入/中等收入国家关于无烟法律长期合规情况的数据匮乏。2006年，危地马拉城的酒吧和餐馆中发现二手烟浓度很高。2009年实施禁烟令六个月后，浓度显著下降。然而，2010年观察到法律合规情况不佳。因此，我们试图通过测量二手烟来评估该禁令的长期合规情况。
方法
2014年，我们使用与2006年和2009年相同的方案，在9家酒吧和12家餐馆中使用空气尼古丁监测仪评估二手烟暴露情况，为期7天。使用气相色谱法测量尼古丁（μg/m³），并与禁令实施前（2006年）和禁令实施后（2009年）的水平进行比较。员工回答了关于二手烟暴露、禁令对经济的影响以及顾客使用电子烟情况的调查。此外，我们估计了每次违法行为可能收取的罚款。
结果
大多数（71%）场所仍设有吸烟区，违反了法律。2006年、2009年和2014年可检测到尼古丁浓度的样本百分比分别为100%、85%和43%。在酒吧中，2006年尼古丁浓度中位数（第25和第75百分位数）为4.58μg/m³（1.71，6.45），2009年为0.28（0.17，0.66），2014年为0.59（0.01，1.45）。在餐馆中，相应的中位数分别为0.58μg/m³（0.44，0.71）、0.04（0.01，0.11）和0.01（0.01，0.09）。酒吧和餐馆员工对该法律的支持率仍然很高（88%）。大多数员工报告该法律没有经济影响，并且很大比例的顾客（78%）使用电子烟。总共可能收取50,012美元的罚款。
结论
危地马拉对吸烟禁令的长期合规情况正在下降。需要进行更多研究来评估违规的决定因素，这也有助于改善危地马拉无烟法律的执行和实施情况。
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