Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Jul 31;21(8):1011. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21081011.
In Ethiopia, a comprehensive smoke-free law that bans smoking in all public areas has been implemented since 2019. This study aimed to evaluate compliance with these laws by measuring the air quality and conducting covert observations at 154 hospitality venues (HVs) in Addis Ababa.
Indoor air quality was measured using Dylos air quality monitors during the peak hours of the venues, with concentrations of particulate matter <2.5 microns in diameter (PM) used as a marker of second-hand tobacco smoke. A standardized checklist was used to assess compliance with smoke-free laws during the same peak hours. The average PM concentrations were classified as good, moderate, unhealthy for sensitive groups, unhealthy for all, or hazardous using the World Health Organization's (WHO) standard air quality index breakpoints.
Only 23.6% of the venues complied with all smoke-free laws indicators. Additionally, cigarette and shisha smoking were observed at the HVs. Overall, 63.9% (95% confidence interval: 56-72%) of the HVs had PM concentrations greater than 15 µg/m. The presence of more than one cigarette smoker in the venue, observing shisha equipment in the indoor space, and the sale of tobacco products in the indoor space were significantly associated with higher median PM concentration levels ( < 0.005). Hazardous level of PM concentrations-100 times greater than the WHO standard-were recorded at HVs where several people were smoking shisha and cigarettes.
Most HVs had PM concentrations that exceeded the WHO average air quality standard. Stricter enforcement of smoke-free laws is necessary, particularly for bars and nightclubs/lounges.
在埃塞俄比亚，自 2019 年以来，全面禁烟法已禁止在所有公共场所吸烟。本研究旨在通过在亚的斯亚贝巴的 154 个接待场所（HV）测量空气质量并进行秘密观察，评估这些法律的遵守情况。
在场地的高峰时段，使用 Dylos 空气质量监测器测量室内空气质量，以直径<2.5 微米的颗粒物（PM）浓度作为二手烟草烟雾的标志物。在同一高峰时段，使用标准化检查表评估遵守无烟法律的情况。使用世界卫生组织（WHO）标准空气质量指数断点，将平均 PM 浓度分类为良好、中度、敏感人群不健康、所有人不健康或危险。
只有 23.6%的场地符合所有无烟法律指标。此外，还观察到 HV 吸烟和水烟。总体而言，63.9%（95%置信区间：56-72%）的 HV 场所的 PM 浓度高于 15 µg/m。场地内有不止一名吸烟者、观察到室内空间有水烟设备以及室内销售烟草制品与更高的 PM 浓度中位数水平显著相关（<0.005）。在有几个人同时吸食水烟和香烟的 HV 中，记录到 PM 浓度达到危险水平-是 WHO 标准的 100 倍。
大多数 HV 的 PM 浓度超过了世卫组织的平均空气质量标准。有必要更严格地执行禁烟法，特别是针对酒吧和夜总会/休息室。
