Kukielka Esther A, Jori Ferran, Martínez-López Beatriz, Chenais Erika, Masembe Charles, Chavernac David, Ståhl Karl
Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), VM: Medicine & Epidemiology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA.
Integrated Animal Risk Management (AGIRs), CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France; Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana.
Front Vet Sci. 2016 Apr 14;3:31. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00031. eCollection 2016.
Bushpigs (BPs) (Potamochoerus larvatus) and warthogs (WHs) (Phacochoerus africanus), which are widely distributed in Eastern Africa, are likely to cohabitate in the same environment with domestic pigs (DPs), facilitating the transmission of shared pathogens. However, potential interactions between BP, WH, and DP, and the resulting potential circulation of infectious diseases have rarely been investigated in Africa to date. In order to understand the dynamics of such interactions and the potential influence of human behavior and husbandry practices on them, individual interviews (n = 233) and participatory rural appraisals (n = 11) were carried out among Ugandan pig farmers at the edge of Murchison Falls National Park, northern Uganda. In addition, as an example of possible implications of wild and DP interactions, non-linear multivariate analysis (multiple correspondence analyses) was used to investigate the potential association between the aforementioned factors (interactions and human behavior and practices) and farmer reported African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks. No direct interactions between wild pigs (WPs) and DP were reported in our study area. However, indirect interactions were described by 83 (35.6%) of the participants and were identified to be more common at water sources during the dry season. Equally, eight (3.4%) farmers declared exposing their DP to raw hunting leftovers of WPs. The exploratory analysis performed suggested possible associations between the farmer reported ASF outbreaks and indirect interactions, free-range housing systems, dry season, and having a WH burrow less than 3 km from the household. Our study was useful to gather local knowledge and to identify knowledge gaps about potential interactions between wild and DP in this area. This information could be useful to facilitate the design of future observational studies to better understand the potential transmission of pathogens between wild and DPs.
非洲灌丛野猪(BPs)(非洲河猪)和疣猪(WHs)(非洲野猪)广泛分布于东非,很可能与家猪(DPs)在同一环境中共存,这便于共享病原体的传播。然而,迄今为止在非洲,很少有人研究过灌丛野猪、疣猪和家猪之间的潜在相互作用以及由此产生的传染病潜在传播情况。为了了解此类相互作用的动态变化以及人类行为和养殖方式对它们的潜在影响,我们在乌干达北部默奇森瀑布国家公园边缘对乌干达养猪户进行了个人访谈(n = 233)和参与式农村评估(n = 11)。此外,作为野生猪与家猪相互作用可能产生影响的一个例子,我们使用非线性多变量分析(多重对应分析)来研究上述因素(相互作用、人类行为和养殖方式)与养殖户报告的非洲猪瘟(ASF)疫情之间的潜在关联。在我们的研究区域,未报告有野猪(WPs)与家猪之间的直接相互作用。然而,83名(35.6%)参与者描述了间接相互作用,且发现这种情况在旱季的水源地更为常见。同样,有8名(3.4%)养殖户宣称让他们的家猪接触过野猪的生狩猎剩肉。所进行的探索性分析表明,养殖户报告的非洲猪瘟疫情与间接相互作用、放养式养殖系统、旱季以及家中有疣猪洞穴且距离小于3公里之间可能存在关联。我们的研究有助于收集当地知识,并确定该地区野生猪与家猪潜在相互作用方面的知识空白。这些信息可能有助于推动未来观察性研究的设计,以便更好地了解病原体在野生猪和家猪之间的潜在传播情况。