Lee In Kyu, Kye Yoon Chul, Kim Girak, Kim Han Wool, Gu Min Jeong, Umboh Johnny, Maaruf Kartini, Kim Sung Woo, Yun Cheol-Heui
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
Faculty of Animal Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado Jl Kampus Selatan, Manado 95115, Indonesia.
Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2016 Aug;29(8):1075-82. doi: 10.5713/ajas.16.0118. Epub 2016 May 12.
Modern livestock production became highly intensive and large scaled to increase production efficiency. This production environment could add stressors affecting the health and growth of animals. Major stressors can include environment (air quality and temperature), nutrition, and infection. These stressors can reduce growth performance and alter immune systems at systemic and local levels including the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress increases the permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the gut. Nutritional stress from fasting, antinutritional compounds, and toxins induces the leakage and destruction of the tight junction proteins in the gut. Fasting is shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas deoxynivalenol increases the recruitment of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and the level of lymphocytes in the gut. Pathogenic and viral infections such as Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus can lead to loosening the intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, supplementation of Lactobacillus or Saccharaomyces reduced infectious stress by ETEC. It was noted that major stressors altered the permeability of intestinal barriers and profiles of genes and proteins of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mucosal system in pigs. However, it is not sufficient to fully explain the mechanism of the gut immune system in pigs under stress conditions. Correlation and interaction of gut and systemic immune system under major stressors should be better defined to overcome aforementioned obstacles.
现代畜牧业生产变得高度集约化和规模化，以提高生产效率。这种生产环境可能会增加影响动物健康和生长的应激源。主要应激源可包括环境（空气质量和温度）、营养和感染。这些应激源会降低生长性能，并在包括胃肠道在内的全身和局部水平改变免疫系统。热应激会增加肠道的通透性、氧化应激和炎症反应。禁食、抗营养化合物和毒素引起的营养应激会导致肠道紧密连接蛋白的渗漏和破坏。禁食被证明会抑制促炎细胞因子，而脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇会增加肠道促炎细胞因子的募集和肠道淋巴细胞水平。致病性和病毒性感染，如产肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）和猪流行性腹泻病毒，可导致肠道上皮屏障松弛。另一方面，补充乳酸菌或酵母菌可减轻ETEC引起的感染应激。值得注意的是，主要应激源改变了猪肠道屏障的通透性以及黏膜系统中促炎细胞因子和趋化因子的基因和蛋白质谱。然而，这不足以完全解释应激条件下猪肠道免疫系统的机制。应更好地界定主要应激源下肠道和全身免疫系统的相关性和相互作用，以克服上述障碍。
