Font-Ribera Laia, Kogevinas Manolis, Schmalz Christina, Zwiener Christian, Marco Esther, Grimalt Joan O, Liu Jiaqi, Zhang Xiangru, Mitch William, Critelli Rossana, Naccarati Alessio, Heederik Dick, Spithoven Jack, Arjona Lourdes, de Bont Jeroen, Gracia-Lavedan Esther, Villanueva Cristina M
ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain.
University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Environ Res. 2016 Aug;149:206-215. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.013. Epub 2016 May 20.
Trihalomethanes (THMs) in exhaled breath and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in urine are internal dose biomarkers of exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pools.
We assessed how these biomarkers reflect the levels of a battery of DBPs in pool water and trichloramine in air, and evaluated personal determinants.
A total of 116 adults swam during 40min in a chlorinated indoor pool. We measured chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in exhaled breath and TCAA in urine before and after swimming, trichloramine in air and several DBPs in water. Personal determinants included sex, age, body mass index (BMI), distance swum, energy expenditure, heart rate and 12 polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTZ1 and CYP2E1 genes.
Median level of exhaled total THMs and creatinine adjusted urine TCAA increased from 0.5 to 14.4µg/m(3) and from 2.5 to 5.8µmol/mol after swimming, respectively. The increase in exhaled brominated THMs was correlated with brominated THMs, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloramines, total organic carbon and total organic halogen in water and trichloramine in air. Such correlations were not detected for exhaled chloroform, total THMs or urine TCAA. Exhaled THM increased more in men, urine TCAA increased more in women, and both were affected by exercise intensity. Genetic variants were associated with differential increases in exposure biomarkers.
Our findings suggest that, although affected by sex, physical activity and polymorphisms in key metabolizing enzymes, brominated THMs in exhaled breath could be used as a non-invasive DBP exposure biomarker in swimming pools with bromide-containing source waters. This warrants confirmation with new studies.
呼出气体中的三卤甲烷（THMs）和尿液中的三氯乙酸（TCAA）是接触游泳池中消毒副产物（DBPs）的内剂量生物标志物。
我们评估了这些生物标志物如何反映池水中一系列DBPs和空气中三氯胺的水平，并评估了个体决定因素。
共有116名成年人在氯化室内游泳池中游泳40分钟。我们测量了游泳前后呼出气体中的氯仿、溴二氯甲烷、二溴氯甲烷和溴仿以及尿液中的TCAA、空气中的三氯胺和水中的几种DBPs。个体决定因素包括性别、年龄、体重指数（BMI）、游泳距离、能量消耗、心率以及GSTT1、GSTZ1和CYP2E1基因中的12种多态性。
游泳后呼出的总THMs中位数水平和肌酐校正后的尿液TCAA分别从0.5增加到14.4µg/m³和从2.5增加到5.8µmol/mol。呼出的溴化THMs的增加与水中的溴化THMs、卤乙酸、卤乙腈、卤代酮、氯胺、总有机碳和总有机卤素以及空气中的三氯胺相关。呼出的氯仿、总THMs或尿液TCAA未检测到此类相关性。呼出的THM在男性中增加更多，尿液TCAA在女性中增加更多，两者均受运动强度影响。基因变异与暴露生物标志物的差异增加有关。
我们的研究结果表明，尽管受性别、体力活动和关键代谢酶多态性的影响，但呼出气体中的溴化THMs可作为含溴源水游泳池中DBP暴露的非侵入性生物标志物。这需要新的研究来证实。
