School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), 0363 Oslo, Norway.
Ann Work Expo Health. 2023 Aug 9;67(7):876-885. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxad035.
Disinfection by-products are produced in water disinfected with chlorine-based products. One such group is trihalomethanes, and chloroform is the most abundant trihalomethane in swimming pool areas. Chloroform can be absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, and is classified as possibly carcinogenic.
To investigate if chloroform concentrations in air and water affect the chloroform concentration in urine samples of exposed swimming pool workers.
Workers from 5 adventure indoor swimming pools carried personal chloroform air samplers and provided up to 4 urine samples during one workday. Chloroform concentrations were analyzed with a linear mixed model analysis to investigate a possible correlation between air and urine concentrations.
The geometric mean chloroform concentration was 11 μg/m3 in air and 0.009 µg/g creatinine in urine among individuals with ≤2 h at work, 0.023 µg/g creatinine among those with >2-5 working hours, and 0.026 µg/g creatinine in the group with >5-10 working hours. A risk of higher levels of chloroform in urine was associated with longer hours at work (≤2 h versus >5-10 h, odds ratio [OR] 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-3.34), personal chloroform concentrations in air (≤17.00 µg/m3 versus >28.00 µg/m3, OR 9.23, 95% CI 3.68-23.13) and working at least half the working day near the swimming pools (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.33-7.55). Executing work tasks in the swimming pool water was not associated with higher chloroform concentrations in urine compared to only working on land (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.27-2.45).
There is an accumulation of chloroform concentrations in urine during a workday and a correlation between personal air and urine concentrations of chloroform among workers in Swedish indoor swimming pools.
用含氯产品消毒的水中会产生消毒副产物。其中一组是三卤甲烷，而氯仿是游泳池区域中最丰富的三卤甲烷。氯仿可通过吸入、摄入和皮肤吸收被人体吸收，并被归类为可能致癌物质。
研究空气中的氯仿浓度和水中的氯仿浓度是否会影响暴露于游泳池工作环境中的工人尿液样本中的氯仿浓度。
来自 5 个冒险室内游泳池的工作人员携带个人氯仿空气采样器，并在一个工作日内提供多达 4 个尿液样本。使用线性混合模型分析来分析空气中和尿液中的氯仿浓度之间的可能相关性。
在工作时间≤2 小时的个体中，空气中的几何平均氯仿浓度为 11μg/m3，尿液中的肌酐为 0.009μg/g；在工作时间为 2-5 小时的个体中，尿液中的肌酐为 0.023μg/g；在工作时间>5-10 小时的个体中，尿液中的肌酐为 0.026μg/g。与工作时间较长（≤2 小时与>5-10 小时相比，比值比[OR] 2.04，95%置信区间[CI] 1.25-3.34）、空气中的个人氯仿浓度（≤17.00μg/m3 与>28.00μg/m3 相比，OR 9.23，95% CI 3.68-23.13）以及至少一半工作日在游泳池附近工作（OR 3.16，95% CI 1.33-7.55）相关，尿液中氯仿浓度更高。与仅在陆地上工作相比，在游泳池水中执行工作任务与尿液中更高的氯仿浓度无关（OR 0.82，95% CI 0.27-2.45）。
在工作日期间，尿液中的氯仿浓度会累积，并且在瑞典室内游泳池的工人中，空气中的氯仿浓度与尿液中的氯仿浓度之间存在相关性。
