Thompson Clarissa A, Ratcliff Roger, McKoon Gail
Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2016 Oct;150:48-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.04.005. Epub 2016 May 28.
How do speed and accuracy trade off, and what components of information processing develop as children and adults make simple numeric comparisons? Data from symbolic and non-symbolic number tasks were collected from 19 first graders (Mage=7.12 years), 26 second/third graders (Mage=8.20 years), 27 fourth/fifth graders (Mage=10.46 years), and 19 seventh/eighth graders (Mage=13.22 years). The non-symbolic task asked children to decide whether an array of asterisks had a larger or smaller number than 50, and the symbolic task asked whether a two-digit number was greater than or less than 50. We used a diffusion model analysis to estimate components of processing in tasks from accuracy, correct and error response times, and response time (RT) distributions. Participants who were accurate on one task were accurate on the other task, and participants who made fast decisions on one task made fast decisions on the other task. Older participants extracted a higher quality of information from the stimulus arrays, were more willing to make a decision, and were faster at encoding, transforming the stimulus representation, and executing their responses. Individual participants' accuracy and RTs were uncorrelated. Drift rate and boundary settings were significantly related across tasks, but they were unrelated to each other. Accuracy was mainly determined by drift rate, and RT was mainly determined by boundary separation. We concluded that RT and accuracy operate largely independently.
速度和准确性是如何相互权衡的？在儿童和成人进行简单数字比较时，信息处理的哪些组成部分会得到发展？我们从19名一年级学生（平均年龄=7.12岁）、26名二/三年级学生（平均年龄=8.20岁）、27名四/五年级学生（平均年龄=10.46岁）和19名七/八年级学生（平均年龄=13.22岁）中收集了来自符号和非符号数字任务的数据。非符号任务要求儿童判断一组星号的数量是大于还是小于50，符号任务要求判断一个两位数是大于还是小于50。我们使用扩散模型分析，根据准确性、正确和错误反应时间以及反应时间（RT）分布来估计任务处理的组成部分。在一项任务中准确的参与者在另一项任务中也准确，在一项任务中快速做出决策的参与者在另一项任务中也快速做出决策。年龄较大的参与者从刺激阵列中提取的信息质量更高，更愿意做出决策，并且在编码、转换刺激表征和执行反应方面更快。个体参与者的准确性和反应时间不相关。漂移率和边界设置在不同任务之间显著相关，但它们彼此不相关。准确性主要由漂移率决定，反应时间主要由边界分离决定。我们得出结论，反应时间和准确性在很大程度上是独立运作的。
