Mettke-Hofmann Claudia
School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
Anim Cogn. 2017 Jan;20(1):77-86. doi: 10.1007/s10071-016-1006-1. Epub 2016 Jun 10.
Different movement patterns have evolved as a response to predictable and unpredictable variation in the environment with migration being an adaptation to predictable environments, nomadism to unpredictable environments and partial migration to a mixture of predictable and unpredictable conditions. Along different movement patterns, different cognitive abilities have evolved which are reviewed and discussed in relation to an organism's ability to respond to largely unpredictable environmental change due to climate and human-induced change, and linked to population trends. In brief, migrants have a combination of reliance on memory, low propensity to explore and high avoidance of environmental change that in combination with overall small brain sizes results in low flexibility to respond to unpredictable environmental change. In line with this, many migrants have negative population trends. In contrast, while nomads may use their memory to find suitable habitats, they can counteract negative effects of finding such habitats disturbed by large-scale exploratory movements and paying attention to environmental cues. They are also little avoidant of environmental change. Population trends are largely stable or increasing indicating their ability to cope with climate and human-induced change. Cognitive abilities in partial migrants are little investigated, but indicate attention to environmental cues coupled with high exploratory tendencies that allow them a flexible response to unpredictable environmental change. Indeed, their population trends are mainly stable or increasing. In conclusion, cognitive abilities have evolved in conjunction with different movement patterns and affect an organism's ability to adapt to rapidly human-induced changes in the environment.
不同的运动模式随着对环境中可预测和不可预测变化的反应而演变,其中迁徙是对可预测环境的一种适应,游牧是对不可预测环境的适应,而部分迁徙则是对可预测和不可预测条件混合的适应。沿着不同的运动模式,不同的认知能力也在不断进化,本文将结合生物体应对因气候和人为变化导致的 largely 不可预测的环境变化的能力对这些认知能力进行回顾和讨论,并将其与种群趋势联系起来。简而言之,迁徙动物依赖记忆、探索倾向低且高度回避环境变化,这些因素与总体较小的脑容量相结合,导致其应对不可预测环境变化的灵活性较低。与此一致的是,许多迁徙动物的种群呈负增长趋势。相比之下,游牧动物虽然可能利用记忆寻找合适的栖息地,但它们可以通过大规模的探索性活动和关注环境线索来抵消寻找此类栖息地受到干扰所带来的负面影响。它们对环境变化的回避程度也较低。其种群趋势在很大程度上是稳定的或呈增长趋势,这表明它们有能力应对气候和人为导致的变化。对部分迁徙动物的认知能力研究较少,但表明它们关注环境线索并具有较高的探索倾向,这使它们能够灵活应对不可预测的环境变化。事实上,它们的种群趋势主要是稳定的或呈增长趋势。总之,认知能力是与不同的运动模式共同进化的,并影响生物体适应迅速的人为环境变化的能力。