Hyponatremia in patients with liver diseases: not just a cirrhosis-induced hemodynamic compromise.

Hyponatremia (Na(+) <135 mmol/l) is the most common electrolyte disorder. Cirrhosis represents a rather frequent cause of hyponatremia mainly due to systemic and splanchnic vasodilation resulting in decreased effective arterial blood volume, which leads to excessive non-osmotic secretion of antidiuretic hormone. However, hyponatremia of multifactorial origin may be seen in patients with liver diseases. The review focuses on the factors and pathogenetic mechanisms of decreased sodium levels other than the hemodynamic compromise of cirrhosis in patients with liver diseases. The mechanisms and causal or contributing role of pseudohyponatremia, hyperglycemia, infections, drugs and toxins as well as of endocrine disorders, renal failure and cardiac disease in patients with liver disease are meticulously discussed. Hyponatremia of multifactorial origin is frequently observed in patients with liver diseases, and special efforts should be made to delineate the underlying causative and precipitating factors as well as the risk factors of the osmotic demyelination syndrome in order to properly manage this serious electrolyte disorder and avoid treatment pitfalls.