Martin Rocio, Makino Hiroshi, Cetinyurek Yavuz Aysun, Ben-Amor Kaouther, Roelofs Mieke, Ishikawa Eiji, Kubota Hiroyuki, Swinkels Sophie, Sakai Takafumi, Oishi Kenji, Kushiro Akira, Knol Jan
Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
PLoS One. 2016 Jun 30;11(6):e0158498. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158498. eCollection 2016.
Colonization of the infant gut is believed to be critically important for a healthy growth as it influences gut maturation, metabolic, immune and brain development in early life. Understanding factors that influence this process is important, since an altered colonization has been associated with a higher risk of diseases later in life. Fecal samples were collected from 108 healthy neonates in the first half year of life. The composition and functionality of the microbiota was characterized by measuring 33 different bacterial taxa by qPCR/RT qPCR, and 8 bacterial metabolites. Information regarding gender, place and mode of birth, presence of siblings or pets; feeding pattern and antibiotic use was collected by using questionnaires. Regression analysis techniques were used to study associations between microbiota parameters and confounding factors over time. Bacterial DNA was detected in most meconium samples, suggesting bacterial exposure occurs in utero. After birth, colonization by species of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides was influenced by mode of delivery, type of feeding and presence of siblings, with differences found at species level and over time. Interestingly, infant-type bifidobacterial species such as B. breve or B. longum subsp infantis were confirmed as early colonizers apparently independent of the factors studied here, while B. animalis subsp. lactis presence was found to be dependent solely on the type of feeding, indicating that it might not be a common infant gut inhabitant. One interesting and rather unexpected confounding factor was gender. This study contributes to our understanding of the composition of the microbiota in early life and the succession process and the evolution of the microbial community as a function of time and events occurring during the first 6 months of life. Our results provide new insights that could be taken into consideration when selecting nutritional supplementation strategies to support the developing infant gut microbiome.
婴儿肠道的定植被认为对健康成长至关重要，因为它会影响生命早期的肠道成熟、代谢、免疫和大脑发育。了解影响这一过程的因素很重要，因为定植改变与日后更高的疾病风险相关。收集了108名健康新生儿出生后上半年的粪便样本。通过qPCR/RT qPCR测量33种不同的细菌分类群和8种细菌代谢物，对微生物群的组成和功能进行了表征。通过问卷调查收集了有关性别、出生地点和方式、是否有兄弟姐妹或宠物、喂养方式和抗生素使用情况的信息。采用回归分析技术研究微生物群参数与混杂因素随时间的关联。在大多数胎粪样本中检测到细菌DNA，表明在子宫内就发生了细菌接触。出生后，双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和拟杆菌属的定植受分娩方式、喂养类型和兄弟姐妹的存在影响，在物种水平和不同时间存在差异。有趣的是，婴儿型双歧杆菌物种，如短双歧杆菌或婴儿双歧杆菌亚种，被确认为早期定植菌，显然与本文研究的因素无关，而动物双歧杆菌亚种乳酸亚种的存在仅取决于喂养类型，这表明它可能不是常见的婴儿肠道居民。一个有趣且相当意外的混杂因素是性别。这项研究有助于我们了解生命早期微生物群的组成、演替过程以及微生物群落随时间和出生后头6个月发生的事件的演变。我们的结果提供了新的见解，在选择营养补充策略以支持发育中的婴儿肠道微生物群时可予以考虑。
