Abdeladhim Maha, V Coutinho-Abreu Iliano, Townsend Shannon, Pasos-Pinto Silvia, Sanchez Laura, Rasouli Manoochehr, B Guimaraes-Costa Anderson, Aslan Hamide, Francischetti Ivo M B, Oliveira Fabiano, Becker Ingeborg, Kamhawi Shaden, Ribeiro Jose M C, Jochim Ryan C, Valenzuela Jesus G
Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Jul 13;10(7):e0004771. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004771. eCollection 2016 Jul.
Sand fly saliva has been shown to have proteins with potent biological activities, salivary proteins that can be used as biomarkers of vector exposure, and salivary proteins that are candidate vaccines against different forms of leishmaniasis. Sand fly salivary gland transcriptomic approach has contributed significantly to the identification and characterization of many of these salivary proteins from important Leishmania vectors; however, sand fly vectors in some regions of the world are still neglected, as Bichromomyia olmeca (formerly known as Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca), a proven vector of Leishmania mexicana in Mexico and Central America. Despite the importance of this vector in transmitting Leishmania parasite in Mesoamerica there is no information on the repertoire of B. olmeca salivary proteins and their relationship to salivary proteins from other sand fly species.
A cDNA library of the salivary glands of wild-caught B. olmeca was constructed, sequenced, and analyzed. We identified transcripts encoding for novel salivary proteins from this sand fly species and performed a comparative analysis between B. olmeca salivary proteins and those from other sand fly species. With this new information we present an updated catalog of the salivary proteins specific to New World sand flies and salivary proteins common to all sand fly species. We also report in this work the anti-Factor Xa activity of Lofaxin, a salivary anticoagulant protein present in this sand fly species.
This study provides information on the first transcriptome of a sand fly from Mesoamerica and adds information to the limited repertoire of salivary transcriptomes from the Americas. This comparative analysis also shows a fast degree of evolution in salivary proteins from New World sand flies as compared with Old World sand flies.
沙蝇唾液已被证明含有具有强大生物活性的蛋白质、可作为媒介暴露生物标志物的唾液蛋白以及作为针对不同形式利什曼病的候选疫苗的唾液蛋白。沙蝇唾液腺转录组学方法对从重要利什曼原虫媒介中鉴定和表征许多此类唾液蛋白做出了重大贡献；然而，世界上一些地区的沙蝇媒介仍被忽视，例如墨西哥和中美洲墨西哥利什曼原虫的已证实媒介奥尔梅卡双色白蛉（以前称为奥尔梅卡卢氏白蛉）。尽管这种媒介在中美洲传播利什曼原虫寄生虫方面很重要，但关于奥尔梅卡双色白蛉唾液蛋白库及其与其他沙蝇物种唾液蛋白的关系尚无信息。
构建、测序并分析了野生捕获的奥尔梅卡双色白蛉唾液腺的cDNA文库。我们从这种沙蝇物种中鉴定出编码新型唾液蛋白的转录本，并对奥尔梅卡双色白蛉唾液蛋白与其他沙蝇物种的唾液蛋白进行了比较分析。有了这些新信息，我们提供了新大陆沙蝇特有的唾液蛋白和所有沙蝇物种共有的唾液蛋白的更新目录。我们还在这项工作中报告了洛法辛的抗凝血因子Xa活性，洛法辛是这种沙蝇物种中存在的一种唾液抗凝血蛋白。
本研究提供了中美洲一种沙蝇的首个转录组信息，并为美洲有限的唾液转录组库增添了信息。这种比较分析还表明，与旧大陆沙蝇相比，新大陆沙蝇的唾液蛋白进化速度很快。
