Kretschmer Tina, Veenstra René, Deković Maja, Oldehinkel Albertine J
University of Groningen.
Utrecht University.
Dev Psychopathol. 2017 Aug;29(3):941-955. doi: 10.1017/S0954579416000596. Epub 2016 Jul 15.
In contrast to victimization, prior research on the antecedents and outcomes of bullying perpetration has provided little conclusive knowledge. Some adolescent bullies may be well adjusted and popular among peers, while other bullies are rejected and lack self-control. There is also great variation in the outcomes, with a number of studies (but not all) showing increased risk for externalizing and internalizing problems. We used a developmental framework and data from 2,230 participants of the Dutch Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) to examine bullying perpetration across adolescence, to test the links with various antecedents in preadolescence, and to elucidate the outcomes in early adulthood. Latent growth models indicated significant variance in initial bullying perpetration levels and an overall decrease between pre- and late adolescence. Individual, family, and peer factors were associated with initial levels and partially associated with bullying development over time. Bullying perpetration was linked to later maladjustment and substance use, although only in girls. Finally, bullying perpetration appears to function as an intermediate variable between preadolescent individual, family, and peer risk and substance use more than 10 years later. These results have important implications for understanding the gender-specific nature of bullying perpetration and its outcomes and for demonstrating that bullying carries early risk into adulthood.
与受害情况形成对比的是，先前关于欺凌行为的起因和后果的研究几乎没有提供确凿的知识。一些青少年欺凌者可能适应良好且在同龄人中很受欢迎，而另一些欺凌者则被排斥且缺乏自我控制能力。其后果也存在很大差异，许多研究（但并非全部）表明外化和内化问题的风险增加。我们使用了一个发展框架以及来自荷兰青少年个体生活追踪调查（TRAILS）的2230名参与者的数据，来研究整个青春期的欺凌行为，测试其与青春期前各种起因的联系，并阐明成年早期的后果。潜在增长模型表明，初始欺凌行为水平存在显著差异，且青春期前和青春期后期总体呈下降趋势。个体、家庭和同伴因素与初始水平相关，并部分与欺凌行为随时间的发展相关。欺凌行为与后来的适应不良和物质使用有关，不过仅在女孩中如此。最后，欺凌行为似乎在青春期前的个体、家庭和同伴风险与10多年后的物质使用之间起到了中间变量的作用。这些结果对于理解欺凌行为及其后果的性别特异性本质，以及证明欺凌行为会将早期风险带入成年期具有重要意义。
