Connor David A, Gould Thomas J
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2016 Oct;134 Pt B(Pt B):193-209. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.009. Epub 2016 Jul 12.
Translational assays of cognition that are similarly implemented in both lower and higher-order species, such as rodents and primates, provide a means to reconcile preclinical modeling of psychiatric neuropathology and clinical research. To this end, Pavlovian conditioning has provided a useful tool for investigating cognitive processes in both lab animal models and humans. This review focuses on trace conditioning, a form of Pavlovian conditioning typified by the insertion of a temporal gap (i.e., trace interval) between presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US). This review aims to discuss pre-clinical and clinical work investigating the mnemonic processes recruited for trace conditioning. Much work suggests that trace conditioning involves unique neurocognitive mechanisms to facilitate formation of trace memories in contrast to standard Pavlovian conditioning. For example, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) appear to play critical roles in trace conditioning. Moreover, cognitive mechanistic accounts in human studies suggest that working memory and declarative memory processes are engaged to facilitate formation of trace memories. The aim of this review is to integrate cognitive and neurobiological accounts of trace conditioning from preclinical and clinical studies to examine involvement of working and declarative memory.
在低等和高等物种（如啮齿动物和灵长类动物）中以类似方式实施的认知转化试验，为协调精神神经病理学的临床前建模和临床研究提供了一种手段。为此，经典条件反射为研究实验动物模型和人类的认知过程提供了一个有用的工具。本综述聚焦于痕迹条件反射，这是一种经典条件反射形式，其特点是在条件刺激（CS）和无条件刺激（US）呈现之间插入一个时间间隔（即痕迹间隔）。本综述旨在讨论研究为痕迹条件反射所招募的记忆过程的临床前和临床研究工作。许多研究表明，与标准经典条件反射相比，痕迹条件反射涉及独特的神经认知机制，以促进痕迹记忆的形成。例如，海马体和前额叶皮质（PFC）在痕迹条件反射中似乎起着关键作用。此外，人类研究中的认知机制解释表明，工作记忆和陈述性记忆过程参与促进痕迹记忆的形成。本综述的目的是整合临床前和临床研究中关于痕迹条件反射的认知和神经生物学解释，以检验工作记忆和陈述性记忆的参与情况。
