Trapsilawati Fitri, Wickens Christopher D, Qu Xingda, Chen Chun-Hsien
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Alion Science and Technology, Boulder, Colorado.
Hum Factors. 2016 Nov;58(7):1007-1019. doi: 10.1177/0018720816655941. Epub 2016 Jul 15.
The aim of this study was to examine the human-automation interaction issues and the interacting factors in the context of conflict detection and resolution advisory (CRA) systems.
The issues of imperfect automation in air traffic control (ATC) have been well documented in previous studies, particularly in conflict-alerting systems. The extent to which the prior findings can be applied to an integrated conflict detection and resolution system in future ATC remains unknown.
Twenty-four participants were evenly divided into two groups corresponding to a medium- and a high-traffic density condition, respectively. In each traffic density condition, participants were instructed to perform simulated ATC tasks under four automation conditions, including reliable, unreliable with short time allowance to secondary conflict (TAS), unreliable with long TAS, and manual conditions. Dependent variables accounted for conflict resolution performance, workload, situation awareness, and trust in and dependence on the CRA aid, respectively.
Imposing the CRA automation did increase performance and reduce workload as compared with manual performance. The CRA aid did not decrease situation awareness. The benefits of the CRA aid were manifest even when it was imperfectly reliable and were apparent across traffic loads. In the unreliable blocks, trust in the CRA aid was degraded but dependence was not influenced, yet the performance was not adversely affected.
The use of CRA aid would benefit ATC operations across traffic densities.
CRA aid offers benefits across traffic densities, regardless of its imperfection, as long as its reliability level is set above the threshold of assistance, suggesting its application for future ATC.
本研究旨在探讨在冲突检测与解决咨询（CRA）系统背景下的人机交互问题及相互作用因素。
以往研究已充分记录了空中交通管制（ATC）中自动化不完善的问题，尤其是在冲突警报系统中。先前的研究结果在多大程度上可应用于未来空中交通管制的综合冲突检测与解决系统尚不清楚。
24名参与者被平均分为两组，分别对应中等和高交通密度条件。在每种交通密度条件下，指导参与者在四种自动化条件下执行模拟空中交通管制任务，包括可靠、对二次冲突时间允许较短（TAS）的不可靠、对二次冲突时间允许较长的不可靠以及手动条件。因变量分别为冲突解决性能、工作量、态势感知以及对CRA辅助工具的信任和依赖。
与手动操作相比，采用CRA自动化确实提高了性能并减少了工作量。CRA辅助工具并未降低态势感知。即使CRA辅助工具可靠性不完美，其益处依然明显，且在不同交通负荷下均很显著。在不可靠的阶段，对CRA辅助工具的信任度下降，但依赖度未受影响，然而性能并未受到不利影响。
使用CRA辅助工具将使不同交通密度下的空中交通管制运行受益。
CRA辅助工具在不同交通密度下均有益处，无论其是否存在缺陷，只要其可靠性水平设定高于辅助阈值，这表明其可应用于未来的空中交通管制。
