KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
PWN Water Supply Company North Holland, P.O. Box 2100, 1990 AC, Velserbroek, The Netherlands.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Feb;25(5):3951-3964. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7252-6. Epub 2016 Jul 22.
Advanced oxidation processes are important barriers for organic micropollutants in (drinking) water treatment. It is however known that medium pressure UV/HO treatment may lead to mutagenicity in the Ames test, which is no longer present after granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Many nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) result from the reaction of photolysis products of nitrate with (photolysis products of) natural organic material (NOM) during medium pressure UV treatment of water. Identification of the N-DBPs and the application of effect-directed analysis to combine chemical screening results with biological activity would provide more insight into the relation of specific N-DBPs with the observed mutagenicity and was the subject of this study. To this end, fractions of medium pressure UV-treated and untreated water extracts were prepared using preparative HPLC and tested using the Ames fluctuation test. In addition, high-resolution mass spectrometry was performed on all fractions to assess the presence of N-DBPs. Based on toxicity data and read across analysis, we could identify five N-DBPs that are potentially genotoxic and were present in relatively high concentrations in the fractions in which mutagenicity was observed. The results of this study offer opportunities to further evaluate the identity and potential health concern of N-DBPs formed during advanced oxidation UV drinking water treatment.
高级氧化工艺是（饮用水）处理中去除有机微污染物的重要屏障。然而，中压 UV/H₂O₂处理可能会导致 Ames 试验中的致突变性，而经过颗粒活性炭（GAC）过滤后，这种致突变性就不再存在了。许多含氮消毒副产物（N-DBPs）是由水中中压 UV 处理过程中硝酸盐的光解产物与天然有机物（NOM）的光解产物反应生成的。鉴定 N-DBPs 并应用效应导向分析将化学筛选结果与生物活性相结合，可以更深入地了解特定 N-DBPs 与观察到的致突变性之间的关系，这也是本研究的主题。为此，使用制备型 HPLC 制备了中压 UV 处理和未处理水提取物的馏分，并使用 Ames 波动试验进行了测试。此外，对所有馏分进行了高分辨率质谱分析，以评估 N-DBPs 的存在。基于毒性数据和类推分析，我们可以鉴定出五种可能具有遗传毒性的 N-DBPs，并且在观察到致突变性的馏分中以相对较高的浓度存在。本研究的结果为进一步评估在高级氧化 UV 饮用水处理过程中形成的 N-DBPs 的身份和潜在健康问题提供了机会。
