Kočárek Martin, Kodešová Radka, Vondráčková Lenka, Golovko Oksana, Fér Miroslav, Klement Aleš, Nikodem Antonín, Jakšík Ondřej, Grabic Roman
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Environ Pollut. 2016 Nov;218:563-573. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.039. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
Soils may be contaminated by human or veterinary pharmaceuticals. Their behaviour in soil environment is largely controlled by sorption of different compounds in a soil solution onto soil constituents. Here we studied the sorption affinities of 4 pharmaceuticals (atenolol, trimethoprim, carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole) applied in solute mixtures to soils taken from different horizons of 3 soil types (Greyic Phaeozem on loess, Haplic Luvisol on loess and Haplic Cambisol on gneiss). In the case of the carbamazepine (neutral form) and sulfamethoxazole (partly negatively charged and neutral), sorption affinity of compounds decreased with soil depth, i.e. decreased with soil organic matter content. On the other hand, in the case of atenolol (positively charged) and trimethoprim (partly positively charged and neutral) compound sorption affinity was not depth dependent. Compound sorption affinities in the four-solute systems were compared with those experimentally assessed in topsoils, and were estimated using the pedotransfer rules proposed in our previous study for single-solute systems. While sorption affinities of trimethoprim and carbamazepine in topsoils decreased slightly, sorption affinity of sulfamethoxazole increased. Decreases in sorption of the two compounds could be attributed to their competition between each other and competition with atenolol. Differences between carbamazepine and atenolol behaviour in the one- and four-solute systems could also be explained by the slightly different soil properties in this and our previous study. A great increase of sulfamethoxazole sorption in the Greyic Phaeozem and Haplic Luvisol was observed, which was attributed to elimination of repulsion between negatively charged molecules and particle surfaces due to cation sorption (atenolol and trimethoprim) on soil particles. Thus, our results proved not only an antagonistic but also a synergic affect of differently charged organic molecules on their sorption to soil constituents.
土壤可能会受到人类或兽用药物的污染。它们在土壤环境中的行为很大程度上受土壤溶液中不同化合物在土壤成分上的吸附作用控制。在此，我们研究了溶质混合物中4种药物（阿替洛尔、甲氧苄啶、卡马西平和磺胺甲恶唑）对取自3种土壤类型（黄土上的灰化黑土、黄土上的简育淋溶土和片麻岩上的简育始成土）不同土层的土壤的吸附亲和力。对于卡马西平（中性形式）和磺胺甲恶唑（部分带负电荷和中性），化合物的吸附亲和力随土壤深度降低，即随土壤有机质含量降低。另一方面，对于阿替洛尔（带正电荷）和甲氧苄啶（部分带正电荷和中性），化合物的吸附亲和力与深度无关。将四溶质体系中化合物的吸附亲和力与在表土中实验评估的吸附亲和力进行比较，并使用我们之前针对单溶质体系提出的土壤传递规则进行估算。虽然表土中甲氧苄啶和卡马西平的吸附亲和力略有下降，但磺胺甲恶唑的吸附亲和力增加。这两种化合物吸附的下降可能归因于它们之间的相互竞争以及与阿替洛尔的竞争。卡马西平和阿替洛尔在单溶质和四溶质体系中行为的差异也可以用本次研究以及我们之前研究中土壤性质的轻微差异来解释。在灰化黑土和简育淋溶土中观察到磺胺甲恶唑的吸附大幅增加，这归因于土壤颗粒上阳离子（阿替洛尔和甲氧苄啶）吸附消除了带负电荷分子与颗粒表面之间的排斥作用。因此，我们的结果不仅证明了不同电荷的有机分子对其在土壤成分上的吸附具有拮抗作用，而且还具有协同作用。
