Homman-Ludiye Jihane, Bourne James A
Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
Dev Neurobiol. 2017 Mar;77(3):263-272. doi: 10.1002/dneu.22425. Epub 2016 Sep 4.
Throughout evolution, the neocortex has undergone a dramatic expansion providing the substrate for increasingly complex cognitive abilities, culminating with humans. The enlargement of the neocortex did not affect its' basic organization, which is remarkably conserved from rodents to primates. The mouse has thus proven an advantageous model to decipher the molecular and cellular mechanisms supporting neocortical development. However, it is of limited benefit when studying the mechanisms leading to the inclusion of higher order association areas, which form the largest fraction of the primate neocortex. In the quest for a suitable nonhuman primate model to study the developmental mechanism of neocortical patterning and expansion, researchers focussed on the Old World macaque, routinely employed in functional and behavioral studies. However, the species has many limitations making studies difficult and/or impractical. Therefore, in the past couple of decades, the New World common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has drawn much attention and become an accepted model. The marmoset has the advantage of a smooth neocortical sheet, enabling the direct correspondence between developing cortices and the comprehensive map established for the adult, with a significant amount of cortical maturation occurring during the postnatal period. This review presents the contributions of recent marmoset studies to our understanding of the mechanisms regulating corticogenesis in a complex species, the molecular control of neocortical patterning and the sequential maturation of visual cortical areas while commenting on the future of the species in the field. Furthermore, while these new findings are relevant to developmental biology, in order to understand how new cortical areas have emerged to expand cognitive abilities, they also represent a foundation for the better understanding of developmental cognitive disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 263-272, 2017.
在整个进化过程中，新皮层经历了显著的扩张，为日益复杂的认知能力提供了基础，在人类身上达到了顶峰。新皮层的扩大并未影响其基本组织结构，从啮齿动物到灵长类动物，这种组织结构都得到了显著的保留。因此，小鼠已被证明是一种有利的模型，可用于解读支持新皮层发育的分子和细胞机制。然而，在研究导致高阶联合区形成的机制时，其作用有限，而高阶联合区在灵长类动物新皮层中占最大比例。在寻找合适的非人类灵长类动物模型来研究新皮层模式形成和扩张的发育机制时，研究人员将重点放在了旧世界猕猴上，这种猕猴常用于功能和行为研究。然而，该物种存在许多局限性，使得研究变得困难和/或不切实际。因此，在过去几十年里，新世界普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus）受到了广泛关注并成为了一种被认可的模型。狨猴具有新皮层表面平滑的优势，这使得发育中的皮层与为成年个体建立的综合图谱之间能够直接对应，并且在出生后阶段会发生大量的皮层成熟过程。本综述介绍了近期狨猴研究对我们理解复杂物种中调节皮质发生的机制、新皮层模式形成的分子控制以及视觉皮层区域的顺序成熟所做出的贡献，同时对该物种在该领域的未来进行了评论。此外，虽然这些新发现与发育生物学相关，但为了理解新的皮层区域是如何出现以扩展认知能力的，它们也为更好地理解发育性认知障碍奠定了基础。© 2016威利期刊公司。《发育神经生物学》77: 263 - 272, 2017。
