Dimoff John D, Sayette Michael A
University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Addiction. 2017 Mar;112(3):388-395. doi: 10.1111/add.13503. Epub 2016 Aug 8.
With increasing frequency, addiction is conceived of as a brain disease, and such accounts seem especially pertinent with regard to the rapid delivery of nicotine to the brain via cigarette smoke. Moreover, drug administration trials (cigarette puffs) suggest that the behavior of smoking becomes automatized, with individuals developing prototypical approaches to smoking a cigarette. Compared with presumably more social activities, such as drinking alcohol, there may be little opportunity for social processes to influence smoking behavior. However, survey research examining smoking motivation often reveals a broadly defined 'social' factor and field research suggests that social context does influence smoking.
We posit that laboratory smoking research has largely ignored social contextual factors that may help to understand better the precise mechanisms underlying smoking behavior and smoking motivation.
We reviewed laboratory studies examining the effect of social context (operationalized as modeling) on smoking behavior. Studies were identified by searching PsychInfo and Medline using the following keywords: smoking, nicotine, tobacco, cigarette, consumption, topography, puff, smoking behavior, cigarettes smoked, modeling, imitation, social context, social influence and peer pressure. The reference and citation lists of these studies were then searched to identify additional studies.
Few laboratory smoking studies target social context. Those few studies indicate that smoking behavior can be influenced by the presence of others. There is also some evidence that social context influences the effects of smoking as well as processes related to self-perception and self-regulation that reinforce smoking and hamper smoking cessation efforts.
成瘾越来越多地被视为一种脑部疾病，就香烟烟雾将尼古丁迅速输送至大脑而言，这种说法似乎尤为贴切。此外，药物给药试验（吸烟）表明，吸烟行为会变得自动化，个体形成了典型的吸烟方式。与可能更具社交性的活动（如饮酒）相比，社会过程影响吸烟行为的机会可能很少。然而，调查吸烟动机的研究常常揭示出一个宽泛定义的“社会”因素，而实地研究表明社会环境确实会影响吸烟。
我们认为，实验室吸烟研究在很大程度上忽略了社会环境因素，而这些因素可能有助于更好地理解吸烟行为和吸烟动机背后的确切机制。
我们回顾了检验社会环境（以模仿为操作化定义）对吸烟行为影响的实验室研究。通过使用以下关键词在PsychInfo和Medline数据库中进行检索来确定研究：吸烟、尼古丁、烟草、香烟、消费、行为表现、抽吸、吸烟行为、吸烟数量、模仿、效仿、社会环境、社会影响和同伴压力。然后检索这些研究的参考文献和引用列表，以确定其他研究。
很少有实验室吸烟研究关注社会环境。那几项研究表明，他人在场会影响吸烟行为。也有一些证据表明，社会环境会影响吸烟的效果以及与自我认知和自我调节相关的过程，这些过程会强化吸烟行为并阻碍戒烟努力。
