Pathirana Rishi D, Kaparakis-Liaskos Maria
Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, The Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
The Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
Cell Microbiol. 2016 Nov;18(11):1518-1524. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12658. Epub 2016 Sep 25.
Outer membrane vesicles were first described approximately 50 years ago and for many years were considered to be an artifact of bacterial growth. Since that initial discovery, it has become evident that outer membrane vesicles are produced by almost all Gram-negative bacteria as part of their normal growth in addition to driving pathogenesis within the host. More recently, the identification of membrane vesicle (MV) production by some Gram-positive bacteria, parasites, fungi, mycobacteria and infected host cells has significantly broadened the field of MV research and emphasized their importance to pathogenesis. In this review, we will focus on discussing recent advances in the field of bacterial MV biogenesis and the mechanisms whereby they modulate immunity and contribute to pathogenesis. We will highlight findings identifying the contribution of extracellular vesicles produced by Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, parasites, and infected host cells in mediating pathogenesis in addition to the functions of MVs produced by commensal bacteria. Finally, we will discuss recent progress in the development of bacterial MVs as novel vaccines capable of mediating cellular and humoral immune responses.
外膜囊泡大约在50年前首次被描述，多年来一直被认为是细菌生长的一种假象。自最初发现以来，很明显，几乎所有革兰氏阴性菌在正常生长过程中都会产生外膜囊泡，此外还会在宿主体内引发致病作用。最近，一些革兰氏阳性菌、寄生虫、真菌、分枝杆菌和受感染宿主细胞产生膜囊泡（MV）的发现显著拓宽了MV研究领域，并强调了它们对致病作用的重要性。在这篇综述中，我们将重点讨论细菌MV生物发生领域的最新进展以及它们调节免疫和促成致病作用的机制。我们将强调一些研究结果，这些结果不仅确定了共生菌产生的MV的功能，还确定了革兰氏阳性菌、真菌、寄生虫和受感染宿主细胞产生的细胞外囊泡在介导致病作用中的贡献。最后，我们将讨论细菌MV作为能够介导细胞免疫和体液免疫反应的新型疫苗的开发方面的最新进展。
