Jomaa Lamis, Hwalla Nahla, Constant Florence, Naja Farah, Nasreddine Lara
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0.236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 11072020, Lebanon.
Nestle Waters, 12 boulevard Garibaldi, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Paris 92130, France.
Nutrients. 2016 Sep 8;8(9):554. doi: 10.3390/nu8090554.
This study evaluates total water intake (TWI) from plain water, beverages and foods among Lebanese children and compares TWI to dietary reference intakes (DRIs). In a national cross-sectional survey, data on demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, and physical activity characteristics were obtained from 4 to 13-year-old children (n = 752). Food and beverage consumption patterns were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. TWI was estimated at 1651 mL/day, with beverages contributing 72% of the TWI compared to 28% from foods. Beverages with the highest contribution to TWI included plain water, fruit juice and soda. A significantly higher proportion of 9-13-year-old children failed to meet the DRIs compared to 4-8 years old (92%-98% vs. 74%). Gender differentials were observed with a significantly higher proportion of boys meeting the DRIs compared to girls. The water to energy ratio ranged between 0.84 and 0.87, which fell short of meeting the desirable recommendations. In addition, children from higher socioeconomic status had higher intakes of water from milk and bottled water, coupled with lower water intakes from sodas. The study findings show an alarming high proportion of Lebanese children failing to meet TWI recommendations, and call for culture-specific interventions to instill healthy fluid consumption patterns early in life.
本研究评估了黎巴嫩儿童从白水、饮料和食物中摄入的总水量（TWI），并将TWI与膳食参考摄入量（DRIs）进行比较。在一项全国性横断面调查中，收集了4至13岁儿童（n = 752）的人口统计学、社会经济、人体测量学和身体活动特征数据。使用经过验证的食物频率问卷评估食物和饮料的消费模式。估计TWI为1651毫升/天，其中饮料占TWI的72%，食物占28%。对TWI贡献最大的饮料包括白水、果汁和苏打水。与4至8岁儿童相比，9至13岁儿童未达到DRIs的比例显著更高（92%-98%对74%）。观察到性别差异，男孩达到DRIs的比例显著高于女孩。水与能量的比值在0.84至0.87之间，未达到理想建议值。此外，社会经济地位较高的儿童从牛奶和瓶装水中摄入的水量较高，而从苏打水中摄入的水量较低。研究结果表明，黎巴嫩儿童未达到TWI建议值的比例高得惊人，呼吁采取针对特定文化的干预措施，在儿童早期培养健康的液体摄入模式。
