School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
Eur J Nutr. 2020 Mar;59(2):529-538. doi: 10.1007/s00394-019-01921-w. Epub 2019 Mar 11.
Accurate data on water and beverage intakes are essential for assessing hydration adequacy and setting proper guidelines. The objective of this study is to identify the patterns and sociodemographic determinants of water intake and to assess the intake adequacy for children in China.
The study team recruited 41,439 children aged 6-17 years using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Daily water and beverage intakes were investigated with the standard questionnaires and measuring containers in face-to-face interviews. Each participant was assigned an adjustment weight to obtain a nationally representative sample. Sociodemographic factors influencing water intake were identified using multi-variable regressions. Water intake adequacy was evaluated by comparing with the recommended water intake (RWI).
The mean ± standard deviation of total water intake (TWI) was 1603 ± 731 mL/day for boys and 1487 ± 661 mL/day for girls. Plain water, food moisture, and other beverages contributed 51%, 20%, and 29% of the TWI. Multi-variable analyses showed that TWI of children increased with age, in urban areas and day schools, and with parents' economic and educational levels. The majority (82%) of children had TWI not meeting the corresponding RWI, and the percentage increased with age except for 14-17-year-old boys.
Plain water is still the major source of daily water intake by children in China. Unfortunately, the majority of children do not have sufficient water intake, which warrants future actions and guidelines targeting adequate hydration.
准确的水和饮料摄入量数据对于评估水分摄入是否充足和制定适当的指南至关重要。本研究的目的是确定中国儿童水摄入量的模式和社会人口学决定因素，并评估其摄入的充足性。
研究团队采用多阶段聚类随机抽样方法招募了 41439 名 6-17 岁的儿童。通过标准问卷和面对面访谈中的测量容器来调查儿童每日水和饮料的摄入量。每个参与者都被分配了一个调整权重，以获得具有全国代表性的样本。使用多变量回归来确定影响水摄入量的社会人口学因素。通过与推荐水摄入量（RWI）进行比较来评估水摄入量的充足性。
男孩的总水摄入量（TWI）平均为 1603±731ml/天，女孩为 1487±661ml/天。白开水、食物水分和其他饮料分别占 TWI 的 51%、20%和 29%。多变量分析表明，儿童的 TWI 随年龄、城乡、日校和父母的经济及教育水平而增加。大多数（82%）儿童的 TWI 未达到相应的 RWI，且除 14-17 岁男孩外，该比例随年龄增长而增加。
白开水仍然是中国儿童日常水摄入量的主要来源。遗憾的是，大多数儿童的水分摄入不足，这需要采取未来的行动和制定充足水分摄入的指南。
