Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 16;6:33327. doi: 10.1038/srep33327.
Recent studies have established that the human urine contains a complex microbiome, including a virome about which little is known. Following immunosuppression in kidney transplant patients, BK polyomavirus (BKV) has been shown to induce nephropathy (BKVN), decreasing graft survival. In this study we investigated the urine virome profile of BKV+ and BKV- kidney transplant recipients. Virus-like particles were stained to confirm the presence of VLP in the urine samples. Metagenomic DNA was purified, and the virome profile was analyzed using metagenomic shotgun sequencing. While the BK virus was predominant in the BKV+ group, it was also found in the BKV- group patients. Additional viruses were also detected in all patients, notably including JC virus (JCV) and Torque teno virus (TTV) and interestingly, we detected multiple subtypes of the BKV, JCV and TTV. Analysis of the BKV subtypes showed that nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the VP1, VP2 and Large T Antigen proteins, suggesting potential functional effects for enhanced pathogenicity. Our results demonstrate a complex urinary virome in kidney transplant patients with multiple viruses with several distinct subtypes warranting further analysis of virus subtypes in immunosuppressed hosts.
最近的研究已经证实，人类尿液中含有复杂的微生物组，其中包括有关病毒组的知识甚少。在肾移植患者接受免疫抑制治疗后，BK 多瘤病毒（BKV）已被证明会引起肾病（BKVN），从而降低移植物的存活率。在这项研究中，我们调查了 BKV+和 BKV-肾移植受者的尿液病毒组谱。用病毒样颗粒（VLP）染色来确认尿液样本中存在 VLP。纯化了宏基因组 DNA，并使用宏基因组鸟枪法测序分析了病毒组谱。虽然 BK 病毒在 BKV+组中占主导地位，但在 BKV-组患者中也发现了该病毒。在所有患者中还检测到了其他病毒，尤其是 JC 病毒（JCV）和 Torque teno 病毒（TTV），有趣的是，我们还检测到了 BKV、JCV 和 TTV 的多种亚型。对 BKV 亚型的分析表明，在 VP1、VP2 和大 T 抗原蛋白中检测到核苷酸多态性，这表明增强了致病性的潜在功能影响。我们的结果表明，肾移植患者的尿液中有复杂的病毒组，其中有多种不同的亚型，这需要进一步分析免疫抑制宿主中的病毒亚型。
