Meyer Heidi C, Bucci David J
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
Learn Mem. 2016 Sep 15;23(10):504-14. doi: 10.1101/lm.040501.115. Print 2016 Oct.
Response inhibition is an important component of adaptive behavior. Substantial prior research has focused on reactive inhibition, which refers to the cessation of a motor response that is already in progress. More recently, a growing number of studies have begun to examine mechanisms underlying proactive inhibition, whereby preparatory processes result in a response being withheld before it is initiated. It has become apparent that proactive inhibition is an essential component of the overall ability to regulate behavior and has implications for the success of reactive inhibition. Moreover, successful inhibition relies on learning the meaning of specific environmental cues that signal when a behavioral response should be withheld. Proactive inhibitory control is mediated by stopping goals, which reflect the desired outcome of inhibition and include information about how and when inhibition should be implemented. However, little is known about the circuits and cellular processes that encode and represent features in the environment that indicate the necessity for proactive inhibition or how these representations are implemented in response inhibition. In this article, we will review the brain circuits and systems involved in implementing inhibitory control through both reactive and proactive mechanisms. We also comment on possible cellular mechanisms that may contribute to inhibitory control processes, noting that substantial further research is necessary in this regard. Furthermore, we will outline a number of ways in which the temporal dynamics underlying the generation of the proactive inhibitory signal may be particularly important for parsing out the neurobiological correlates that contribute to the learning processes underlying various aspects of inhibitory control.
反应抑制是适应性行为的一个重要组成部分。大量先前的研究集中在反应性抑制上，它指的是已经开始的运动反应的停止。最近，越来越多的研究开始探讨前瞻性抑制的潜在机制，即准备过程导致反应在启动之前被抑制。很明显，前瞻性抑制是调节行为整体能力的一个重要组成部分，并且对反应性抑制的成功有影响。此外，成功的抑制依赖于学习特定环境线索的意义，这些线索表明何时应该抑制行为反应。前瞻性抑制控制是由停止目标介导的，这些目标反映了抑制的期望结果，并包括关于如何以及何时实施抑制的信息。然而，对于编码和表征环境中表明前瞻性抑制必要性的特征的神经回路和细胞过程，或者这些表征如何在反应抑制中实现，我们知之甚少。在本文中，我们将综述通过反应性和前瞻性机制实施抑制控制所涉及的脑回路和系统。我们还对可能有助于抑制控制过程的细胞机制进行了评论，并指出在这方面还需要大量进一步的研究。此外，我们将概述前瞻性抑制信号产生的时间动态可能在解析有助于抑制控制各个方面学习过程的神经生物学相关性方面特别重要的一些方式。
