McEvoy Cindy T, Spindel Eliot R
Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 707 SW Gaines St, CDRC-P, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, United States.
Paediatr Respir Rev. 2017 Jan;21:27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2016.08.005. Epub 2016 Aug 19.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is the largest preventable cause of abnormal in-utero lung development. Despite well known risks, rates of smoking during pregnancy have only slightly decreased over the last ten years, with rates varying from 5-40% worldwide resulting in tens of millions of fetal exposures. Despite multiple approaches to smoking cessation about 50% of smokers will continue to smoke during pregnancy. Maternal genotype plays an important role in the likelihood of continued smoking during pregnancy and the degree to which maternal smoking will affect the fetus. The primary effects of maternal smoking on offspring lung function and health are decreases in forced expiratory flows, decreased passive respiratory compliance, increased hospitalization for respiratory infections, and an increased prevalence of childhood wheeze and asthma. Nicotine appears to be the responsible component of tobacco smoke that affects lung development, and some of the effects of maternal smoking on lung development can be prevented by supplemental vitamin C. Because nicotine is the key agent for affecting lung development, e-cigarette usage during pregnancy is likely to be as dangerous to fetal lung development as is maternal smoking.
孕期母亲吸烟是子宫内肺部发育异常最主要的可预防因素。尽管吸烟风险众所周知，但在过去十年间，孕期吸烟率仅略有下降，全球吸烟率在5%至40%之间，导致数千万胎儿受到影响。尽管有多种戒烟方法，但约50%的吸烟者在孕期仍会继续吸烟。母亲的基因型在孕期持续吸烟的可能性以及母亲吸烟对胎儿的影响程度方面起着重要作用。母亲吸烟对后代肺功能和健康的主要影响包括用力呼气流量降低、被动呼吸顺应性降低、因呼吸道感染住院的次数增加以及儿童喘息和哮喘的患病率上升。尼古丁似乎是烟草烟雾中影响肺部发育的关键成分，补充维生素C可以预防母亲吸烟对肺部发育的一些影响。由于尼古丁是影响肺部发育的关键因素，孕期使用电子烟对胎儿肺部发育的危害可能与母亲吸烟一样大。
