Kah Melanie, Weniger Anne-Kathrin, Hofmann Thilo
University of Vienna , Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, Althanstrasse 14, UZA2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Environ Sci Technol. 2016 Oct 18;50(20):10960-10967. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02477. Epub 2016 Oct 5.
The development of nanopesticides has recently received an increased level of attention. However, there are very few data about the environmental fate of these new products, and it is not known whether nanoformulations can be evaluated within the current pesticide regulatory framework. Sorption and degradation parameters of the insecticide bifenthrin were measured in two soils for (i) the pure active ingredient, (ii) three nanoformulations, and (iii) a commercially available formulation. In most cases, fate parameters derived for the nanopesticides were significantly different from those derived for the pure active ingredient (factors of up to 10 for sorption and 1.8 for degradation), but discrepancies were not easy to relate to the characteristics of the nanocarriers. In some cases, differences were also observed between the commercial formulation and the pure active ingredient (factors of up to 1.4 for sorption and 1.7 for degradation). In the regulatory context, the common assumption that formulations do not influence the environmental fate of pesticide active ingredients after application seems therefore not always adequate. In the absence of direct measurement, an inverse modeling approach was successfully applied to evaluate the durability of the formulations in soil (release half-life ranged between 11 and 74 days). Predicted groundwater concentrations very much depended on the modeling approach adopted but overall suggest that the nanoformulations studied could reduce losses to groundwater.
纳米农药的研发近来受到了更多关注。然而，关于这些新产品的环境归宿的数据非常少，而且尚不清楚纳米制剂能否在当前的农药监管框架内进行评估。在两种土壤中测定了杀虫剂联苯菊酯的吸附和降解参数，分别针对（i）纯活性成分、（ii）三种纳米制剂以及（iii）一种市售制剂。在大多数情况下，纳米农药的归宿参数与纯活性成分的归宿参数显著不同（吸附差异高达10倍，降解差异高达1.8倍），但差异并不容易与纳米载体的特性相关联。在某些情况下，市售制剂与纯活性成分之间也观察到了差异（吸附差异高达1.4倍，降解差异高达1.7倍）。因此，在监管方面，通常认为制剂在施用后不会影响农药活性成分环境归宿的假设似乎并不总是成立。在缺乏直接测量的情况下，成功应用了一种反向建模方法来评估制剂在土壤中的持久性（释放半衰期在11至74天之间）。预测的地下水浓度很大程度上取决于所采用的建模方法，但总体表明所研究的纳米制剂可以减少对地下水的损失。
