West Jordan M, Courtney Catherine A, Hamilton Anna T, Parker Britt A, Julius Susan H, Hoffman Jennie, Koltes Karen H, MacGowan Petra
Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW (8601P), Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
Tetra Tech, Inc., 737 Bishop St., Suite 2340, Honolulu, HI, 96813-3201, USA.
Environ Manage. 2017 Jan;59(1):102-117. doi: 10.1007/s00267-016-0774-3. Epub 2016 Oct 12.
The interactive and cumulative impacts of climate change on natural resources such as coral reefs present numerous challenges for conservation planning and management. Climate change adaptation is complex due to climate-stressor interactions across multiple spatial and temporal scales. This leaves decision makers worldwide faced with local, regional, and global-scale threats to ecosystem processes and services, occurring over time frames that require both near-term and long-term planning. Thus there is a need for structured approaches to adaptation planning that integrate existing methods for vulnerability assessment with design and evaluation of effective adaptation responses. The Corals and Climate Adaptation Planning project of the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force seeks to develop guidance for improving coral reef management through tailored application of a climate-smart approach. This approach is based on principles from a recently-published guide which provides a framework for adopting forward-looking goals, based on assessing vulnerabilities to climate change and applying a structured process to design effective adaptation strategies. Work presented in this paper includes: (1) examination of the climate-smart management cycle as it relates to coral reefs; (2) a compilation of adaptation strategies for coral reefs drawn from a comprehensive review of the literature; (3) in-depth demonstration of climate-smart design for place-based crafting of robust adaptation actions; and (4) feedback from stakeholders on the perceived usefulness of the approach. We conclude with a discussion of lessons-learned on integrating climate-smart design into real-world management planning processes and a call from stakeholders for an "adaptation design tool" that is now under development.
气候变化对珊瑚礁等自然资源的交互性和累积性影响给保护规划与管理带来了诸多挑战。由于气候压力在多个时空尺度上相互作用，气候变化适应工作十分复杂。这使得全球的决策者面临着对生态系统过程和服务的地方、区域及全球尺度的威胁，这些威胁发生的时间框架需要短期和长期规划。因此，需要有结构化的适应规划方法，将现有的脆弱性评估方法与有效适应措施的设计和评估相结合。美国珊瑚礁特别工作组的珊瑚与气候适应规划项目旨在通过量身定制应用气候智能型方法来制定改善珊瑚礁管理的指南。这种方法基于最近发布的一份指南中的原则，该指南提供了一个框架，通过评估气候变化脆弱性并应用结构化流程来设计有效的适应策略，以实现前瞻性目标。本文介绍的工作包括：（1）审视与珊瑚礁相关的气候智能型管理周期；（2）从对文献的全面综述中汇编珊瑚礁的适应策略；（3）深入展示基于地点制定有力适应行动的气候智能型设计；（4）利益相关者对该方法实用性的反馈。我们最后讨论了将气候智能型设计融入实际管理规划过程中的经验教训，以及利益相关者对正在开发的“适应设计工具”的呼吁。
