Association between apical periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review of the literature.

A systematic review was conducted to assess the association between apical periodontitis (AP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies published from the earliest date available until September 2015 were retrieved from the Medline, PubMed and Embase databases. The included studies reported the results from observational studies and assessed the link between AP and CVD as confirmed by one of the following criteria: diagnosed coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, stroke or mortality caused by cardiac pathology. The study characteristics were abstracted by independent researchers following the PRISMA standard protocol. NOS criteria were used to rate the quality of the studies, and the GRADE was used for level of evidence evaluation. Nineteen epidemiological studies fulfilled the predetermined inclusion criteria: 10 case-control studies, five cross-sectional studies and four cohort studies. There was considerable heterogeneity amongst the included studies in terms of their study design, population, outcomes of interest and AP evaluation methods. Considering the limited availability and the heterogeneity amongst the studies, meta-analysis was not attempted. Thirteen of the 19 included studies found a significant positive association between apical periodontitis and cardiovascular disease, although in two of them, the significance was present only in univariate analysis. Five studies failed to reveal positive significance, and one study reported a negative association. In conclusion, although most of the published studies found a positive association between apical periodontitis and cardiovascular disease, the quality of the existing evidence is moderate-low and a causal relationship cannot be established.