Sarkar Amar, Lehto Soili M, Harty Siobhán, Dinan Timothy G, Cryan John F, Burnet Philip W J
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
Institute of Clinical Medicine/Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
Trends Neurosci. 2016 Nov;39(11):763-781. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.002. Epub 2016 Oct 25.
Psychobiotics were previously defined as live bacteria (probiotics) which, when ingested, confer mental health benefits through interactions with commensal gut bacteria. We expand this definition to encompass prebiotics, which enhance the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. We review probiotic and prebiotic effects on emotional, cognitive, systemic, and neural variables relevant to health and disease. We discuss gut-brain signalling mechanisms enabling psychobiotic effects, such as metabolite production. Overall, knowledge of how the microbiome responds to exogenous influence remains limited. We tabulate several important research questions and issues, exploration of which will generate both mechanistic insights and facilitate future psychobiotic development. We suggest the definition of psychobiotics be expanded beyond probiotics and prebiotics to include other means of influencing the microbiome.
心理益生菌以前被定义为活细菌（益生菌），摄入后可通过与肠道共生细菌相互作用带来心理健康益处。我们将这一定义扩展至益生元，其可促进有益肠道细菌的生长。我们综述了益生菌和益生元对与健康和疾病相关的情绪、认知、全身及神经变量的影响。我们讨论了实现心理益生菌效应的肠-脑信号传导机制，如代谢物生成。总体而言，关于微生物组对外源影响如何反应的知识仍然有限。我们列出了几个重要的研究问题和议题，对其进行探索将产生机制性见解并促进未来心理益生菌的发展。我们建议将心理益生菌的定义扩展至益生菌和益生元之外，以纳入影响微生物组的其他方式。
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